obsolete Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis Caused by Campylobacter jejuni: A Review

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a bacterium that commonly causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. The symptoms of C. jejuni gastroenteritis can vary in severity and duration.

Common Symptoms:

• Stomach cramps
• Diarrhea lasting for 1 to 2 weeks [3]
• Bloody or bloody-like diarrhea (dysentery) syndrome [5]

Infection Process:

C. jejuni infection occurs when the bacteria are ingested through contaminated food or water, and then multiply in the small intestine [4][8]. The infection can be subclinical or present with severe symptoms, including fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea that can last for several days to weeks [9].

Prevalence:

C. jejuni is one of the most common causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide [2][11]. In high-income countries, Campylobacteriosis (the disease caused by C. jejuni) is much more common than gastroenteritis caused by other bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Salmonella.

Treatment:

Most cases of C. jejuni gastroenteritis are self-limited and do not require antibacterial treatment [6]. However, in severe cases or when symptoms persist, medical attention may be necessary to prevent complications.

References:

[1] GE Garcia Jr (2022) - Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis. [2] CR Kang (2019) - Campylobacter is one of the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. [3] Campylobacter infection (also called campylobacteriosis) is a bacterial infection that may have stomach cramps and diarrhoea lasting for 1 to 2 weeks. [4] Mar 10, 2022 - Campylobacter infection occurs in the small intestine from bacteria called Campylobacter jejuni. [5] It is caused by the Campylobacter bacterium, most commonly C. jejuni. [6] S Ali (2020) - This illness is self-limited and does not usually require antibacterial treatment. [7] O Gundogdu (2007) - Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in the developed world. [8] Mar 16, 2024 - Campylobacter infection occurs in the small intestine from bacteria called Campylobacter jejuni. [9] AA Gharamti (2020) - C. jejuni infection can be subclinical or it can present with severe symptoms. [10] The meaning of DESCRIPTION is an act of describing; specifically : discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced. [11] Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli remain among the most common causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Campylobacter jejuni Infection

Campylobacter jejuni infection, also known as campylobacteriosis, is a common cause of gastroenteritis. The symptoms can vary from person to person but generally include:

• Diarrhea: This is the most common symptom, with most people experiencing diarrhea within 2-5 days after exposure to the bacteria [5].
• Stomach Cramps: Abdominal pain and cramping are also common symptoms of campylobacteriosis [3].
• Fever: A fever above 100.4°F (37.7°C) is a common symptom, indicating that the body's immune system is fighting off the infection [9].
• Vomiting: Nausea and vomiting can occur in some cases, although this is not as common as diarrhea or stomach cramps.
• Blood in Stool: In some cases, the stool may contain blood or mucus, which can be a sign of a more severe infection [4].

Other Possible Symptoms

In addition to these common symptoms, some people may experience:

• Headache
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Abdominal Pain

It's worth noting that most people who contract Campylobacter jejuni infection will recover within 7 days without any specific treatment [1]. However, in some cases, the infection can lead to more severe complications, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.

References:

[1] May 13, 2024 — Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. Most people fully recover within 7 days. Campylobacter infection can lead to other ...

[3] by GH Fischer · 2024 · Cited by 7 — History and Physical​​ Infection from Campylobacter typically manifests as enteritis with voluminous diarrhea. Individuals may experience a ...

[4] Symptoms of campylobacteriosis · diarrhoea (this may contain blood or mucous) · stomach cramps · fever · nausea and vomiting.

[5] Campylobacter jejuni infection causes cramping, diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever within 2 to 5 days after a person has been exposed to the organism.

[9] Oct 3, 2024 — A fever above 100.4°F (37.7°C) and diarrhea · Diarrhea that does not get better in 2 days, or it gets worse · Been vomiting for more than 12 hours ...

Diagnostic Tests for Campylobacter Jejuni Gastroenteritis

Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis is a bacterial infection that can be diagnosed using various diagnostic tests. While some of these tests may have been considered obsolete, they are still relevant in certain contexts.

• Stool Culture: A stool culture test was once the gold standard for diagnosing Campylobacter jejuni infections (1). Although it has largely been replaced by more modern methods, it can still be useful in certain situations.
• Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA): EIA tests have also been used to detect Campylobacter jejuni antigens in stool samples (4).
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is a molecular biology technique that has become increasingly popular for detecting Campylobacter jejuni DNA in stool samples (3, 8). It offers high sensitivity and specificity.
• Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests (CIDTs): CIDTs, such as multiplex nucleic acid tests, have been shown to be effective in diagnosing Campylobacter infections (8).

Current Diagnostic Approaches

While the above tests may still have some relevance, modern diagnostic approaches for Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis often involve more advanced techniques.

• Rapid Diagnostic Tests: Rapid diagnostic tests that detect genetic material of the bacteria are now commonly used to quickly determine the cause of a patient's illness (10).
• Serum Campylobacter Serology: Serum Campylobacter serology is another test that can be used to diagnose Campylobacter infections (6).

References

[1] - Context 2 [3] - Context 4 [4] - Context 4 [8] - Context 8

Obsolete Drug Treatments for Campylobacter Jejuni Gastroenteritis

While modern treatments have taken precedence, there were some older antibiotics that were once used to treat Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis. These include:

• Erythromycin: This was the classic antibiotic of choice for treating Campylobacter jejuni infections [2]. However, its use has declined due to the emergence of resistant strains.
• Azithromycin: Although not as commonly used today, azithromycin was considered an effective alternative to ciprofloxacin therapy in areas where ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter species were prevalent [5].

It's essential to note that these older treatments are no longer the primary choice for treating Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis. Modern guidelines recommend using macrolides like azithromycin as the first-line treatment when antimicrobial drug therapy is indicated [7, 8].

Obsolete Differential Diagnosis for Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis

Campylobacter jejuni was a bacterium that caused gastroenteritis, but it is no longer considered a primary cause of the disease. However, in the past, differential diagnosis for C. jejuni gastroenteritis involved distinguishing it from other causes of acute bacterial gastroenteritis.

Other Causes to Consider:

• Viral gastro