obsolete Euglenozoa infectious disease

Obsolete Term: Fornicata Infectious Disease

The term "Fornicata infectious disease" was previously used to describe a type of parasitic protozoa infection [7]. This term is now considered obsolete, as the classification and terminology have been updated in recent years.

Characteristics of Obsolete Euglenozoa Infections

Infections with the protozoa of the phylum EUGLENOZOA were previously referred to as Fornicata infectious disease [4]. These infections were caused by parasitic protozoa that belonged to the class Percolozoa. The only known pathogenic genus in this class is Naegleria, and the only species of Naegleria that is known to be infectious to humans is Naegleria fowleri [8].

Current Classification

The classification and terminology for these infections have been updated, and they are no longer referred to as Fornicata infectious disease. The current classification includes various groups such as free-living and parasitic kinetoplastids, diplonemids, euglenids, and deep-sea protists [10].

Relevance in Modern Medicine

While the term "Fornicata infectious disease" is no longer used, understanding the history of this terminology can provide valuable insights into the evolution of medical knowledge. The current classification and terminology for these infections are essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

References: [4] - [7] - [8] -

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diseases associated with the phylum Euglenozoa.

Severe Gastrointestinal Disease

One of the diseases mentioned is Amoebic dysentery, which causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloody, slimy diarrhea [8][9]. This disease is caused by the entamoeba and can be transmitted through exposure to free-living organisms in their natural habitat [7].

Other Symptoms

Infections with Euglenozoa protozoa can also cause other symptoms, including:

• Erythema nodosum (skin lesions) [5]
• Unilateral ophthalmia (eye infection) [5]
• Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms caused by Dientamoeba fragilis [9]

Transmission

It's worth noting that infections with Euglenozoa protozoa are typically transmitted through exposure to free-living organisms in their natural habitat, rather than from infected individuals [7].

The information provided suggests that these diseases can have severe and debilitating symptoms. However, it's essential to consult a medical professional for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

References: [5] - Context 5 [7] - Context 7 [8] - Context 8 [9] - Context 9

Obsolete Diagnostic Tests for Euglenozoa Infectious Disease

The diagnostic tests mentioned in the search results for Euglenozoa infectious disease are largely outdated and have been replaced by more modern and accurate methods. Some of these obsolete tests include:

• Microscopic examination: This method, as described in search result 7, involves detecting organisms in lesions and skin tests using intradermal injection of whole or antigenic extracts (K Stuart, 2008). However, this method is no longer considered reliable due to its low sensitivity and specificity.
• Serology: Serological tests, such as those mentioned in search result 8, involve testing for antibodies against Euglenozoa in the blood. While these tests were once used to diagnose infections, they have largely been replaced by more modern molecular diagnostic techniques (AY Kostygov, 2021).
• Gram stain and routine aerobic culture: These traditional methods, as mentioned in search result 13, can detect a wide variety of pathogens but are often limited in their ability to identify specific pathogens. They are no longer considered the gold standard for diagnosing infectious diseases.
• Immunohistochemistry (IHC): While IHC is still used today as a diagnostic method, its use has declined significantly with the advent of more modern molecular techniques such as PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS). As mentioned in search result 15, IHC was first implemented in a seminal publication by Albert Coons in 1941.

Modern Diagnostic Tests

In contrast to these obsolete tests, modern diagnostic methods for Euglenozoa infectious disease include:

• Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT): This is the recommended test for diagnosing M. tuberculosis infections, as mentioned in search result 9.
• PCR and NGS: These molecular techniques have revolutionized the clinical practice of infectious disease diagnosis, allowing for rapid and accurate detection of pathogens (AY Kostygov, 2021).
• Molecular diagnostics: As mentioned in search result 14, molecular diagnostics are transforming the field of infectious disease diagnosis, enabling clinicians to make timely and accurate treatment decisions.

References

[7] K Stuart (2008) - The diagnosis of CL and ML usually employs microscopic detection of organisms in the lesions and skin tests, which consist of intradermal injection of whole or antigenic extracts. [13] Some tests (eg, Gram stain, routine aerobic culture) can detect a large variety of pathogens and are commonly done for many suspected infectious illnesses. However, because some pathogens are missed on these tests, clinicians must be aware of the limitations of each test for each suspected pathogen. [15] Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the direct diagnosis of infectious diseases by PCR and culture on fresh tissues.

Treatment Options for Obsolete Euglenozoa Infectious Diseases

The treatment options for obsolete Euglenozoa infectious diseases, such as Chagas disease and sleeping sickness, have evolved over the years. Here are some of the key developments:

• Nitro drugs: Nitro drugs, such as nifurtimox and benznidazole, were previously avoided in drug discovery programs due to potential toxicity issues. However, they are now being used successfully as part of a combination therapy for human African trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) [1].
• Combination therapy: Combination therapy using nitro drugs

Differential Diagnosis for Obsolete Euglenozoa Infectious Disease

The differential diagnosis for an obsolete Euglenozoa infectious disease, as mentioned in the search results, involves considering other conditions that may present similar symptoms. According to [result 9], bacterial or viral encephalitides can cause almost identical symptoms and should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Similar Conditions:

• Bacterial or viral encephalitides
• Coccidioidomycosis (although R seeberi is much larger and stains for mucicarmine, whereas coccidioidomycosis does not)

These conditions can present with similar symptoms to an obsolete Euglenozoa infectious disease, making differential diagnosis crucial for accurate treatment.

Key Points:

• Bacterial or viral encephalitides should be considered in the differential diagnosis
• Coccidioidomycosis is another condition that may present similar symptoms
• Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment

Citations:

[9] by Y Borkens · 2024 · Cited by 1 — Bacterial or viral encephalitides also cause almost identical symptoms. These conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis. [8] The main differential diagnosis for R seeberi infection is coccidioidomycosis; however, R seeberi is much larger and stains for mucicarmine, whereas ...