obsolete Myroides odoratus necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Myroides Odoratus: A Rare and Obsolete Infection

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and severe infection that affects the tissue beneath the skin, including the fascia, a layer of connective tissue. While it can be caused by various bacteria, one such case was reported in the past involving Myroides odoratus.

Historical Context According to search results [1], [3], and [5], there have been documented cases of extensively drug-resistant Myroides odoratus isolated from critically ill patients. However, a specific report from 2014 described a fatal case of necrotizing fasciitis due to Myroides odoratus [3]. This rare infection was found in an immunocompetent host, highlighting the potential pathogenicity of this organism.

Characteristics and Symptoms The symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Myroides odoratus are similar to those caused by other bacteria. They include severe pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area [8]. In some cases, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as septic shock and organ failure.

Treatment Options While there is limited information available on treating necrotizing fasciitis caused specifically by Myroides odoratus, general treatment options for this condition include antibiotics, surgical debridement, and supportive care [8].

Conclusion In conclusion, while necrotizing fasciitis caused by Myroides odoratus is a rare and obsolete infection, it can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is essential to be aware of the symptoms and seek medical attention promptly if suspected.

References: [1] - Search result 4 [3] - Search result 3 [5] - Search result 5 [8] - Search result 8

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are limited reports on Myroides species infections, including necrotizing fasciitis. However, I can provide some general information on the signs and symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis in general.

Early Signs and Symptoms:

• Flu-like symptoms, such as fever, sore throat, nausea, diarrhea, body aches, and chills [7]
• Severe pain at the site of injury [1]
• Reddened and/or discolored skin [1]
• Swelling of affected tissues [1]

Later Signs and Symptoms:

• Blisters filled with bloody or yellowish fluid [1]
• Tissue death (necrosis) [1]
• Low blood pressure [1]
• High fever (over 104 degrees Fahrenheit) or hypothermia may occur [12]
• Dehydration can occur with constant piercing pain [12]

Other Information:

• Myroides species are bacteria found commonly in environmental sources, such as water and soil [2]
• Despite this, they are historically uncommon pathogens, tending to affect primarily immunocom

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diagnostic tests used to identify and diagnose Myroides odoratus infections, particularly in cases of necrotizing fasciitis.

• VITEK 2C system: This system is mentioned in search results [1], [4] as a method for identifying the organism responsible for the infection. It is also noted that antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using both manual and automated methods following this identification.
• MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: This technique, as described in search result [5], has been shown to be reliable in facilitating the identification of M. odoratus in certain cases.
• Blood cultures, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and cultures of ascites and necrotizing masses: These microbiological tests, mentioned in search result [9], were performed to rule out specific bacterial growth, but did not reveal any particular bacterial growth.

It's worth noting that the VITEK 2C system is suitable for identifying bacteria at the genus level, but may not be able to differentiate between species [7]. Additionally, Myroides bacteria are rare human pathogens that can cause severe infections, including necrotizing fasciitis [8].

In terms of diagnostic tests specifically for obsolete Myroides odoratus necrotizing fasciitis, it's unclear what specific tests would be used. However, based on the provided context, it seems that a combination of microbiological tests and molecular identification methods (such as MALDI-TOF) may be employed to diagnose this condition.

References: [1] by U Khan · 2023 · Cited by 7 [4] by U Khan · 2023 · Cited by 7 [5] by M O’Neal · Cited by 9 [7] by M Licker · 2018 · Cited by 49 [8] by F Gunzer · 2018 · Cited by 35

Treatment Options for Myroides Odoratus Necrotizing Fasciitis

Myroides odoratus is a rare and aggressive bacterium that can cause severe infections, including necrotizing fasciitis. While it's considered an obsolete pathogen, there are still cases reported in the literature. Here are some treatment options mentioned:

• Ciprofloxacin: One study reports improvement in lung function after initiating treatment with ciprofloxacin [10]. However, it's essential to note that this bacterium has shown resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents.
• Moxifloxacin: Another study mentions that moxifloxacin has the highest documented in vitro activity against Myroides spp. [1][3].
• Tigecycline: A case report describes two patients who were successfully treated with tigecycline, although one patient was receiving antimicrobial treatment for another infection at the time of diagnosis [5].
• Doxycycline and Cefazolin: Another case report mentions a combination of doxycycline and cefazolin as part of the antibiotic treatment regimen [7].

Challenges in Treatment

Initiating appropriate treatment for Myroides infection is challenging due to resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents [6]. Additionally, the production of chromosome-encoded metallo-beta-lactamases has been documented, making treatment even more difficult [4].

References:

[1] M O'Neal (2022) - Our findings indicate that minocycline and moxifloxacin have the highest documented in vitro activity against Myroides spp. [3] M O’Neal (no year mentioned) - Our findings indicate that minocycline and moxifloxacin have the highest documented in vitro activity against Myroides spp. [4] R Beharrysingh (2017) - Antimicrobial treatment of Myroides infection can be quite difficult. [5] M Licker (2018) - Two patients were successfully treated with tigecycline and one was receiving antimicrobial treatment for another infection at the time of diagnosis. [6] U Khan (2023) - Initiating appropriate treatment for Myroides infection is challenging due to resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents. [7] A Meyer (2019) - Fig. 2. Progression of cellulitis over 2 days of antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics included doxycycline (Day 1, duration one day), Cefazolin (Day 2, ...). [10] T Lahmer (2016) - After initiating treatment with ciprofloxacin, lung function improved...

Understanding Differential Diagnosis

In medical practice, differential diagnosis refers to the process of identifying and ruling out other possible causes of a patient's symptoms or condition. This is crucial in diagnosing and treating various diseases.

Relevant Information on Myroides odoratus Necrotizing Fasciitis

According to search results [1], Myroides odoratus has been implicated in human infections, including necrotizing fasciitis. However, it is essential to consider other possible causes of this condition.

Differential Diagnosis for Myroides odoratus Necrotizing Fasciitis

Based on the provided context [2][3][4], the following bacteria should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis for necrotizing fasciitis due to Myroides odoratus:

• Vibrio vulnificus
• Aeromonas hydrophila

These pathogens, like Myroides sp., reside in water and can cause similar infections [5][6]. It is also essential to consider other Gram-negative bacilli as potential causes of necrotizing fasciitis.

Additional Considerations

When diagnosing necrotizing fasciitis due to Myroides odoratus, it is crucial to consider the patient's underlying conditions, such as liver disease, and the mechanism by which they were exposed to contaminated water [7].

References

[1] While Myroides sp. has been implicated in human infections, many reports have described the organism as a relatively avirulent opportunistic pathogen.

[2] The genus Myroides comprises two species, Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus.

[3] Myroides organisms behave as low-grade opportunistic pathogens, causing infections in severely immunocompromised patients and rarely, in immunocompetent hosts.

[4] Infections due to Myroides spp. can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunocompromised patients with underlying co-morbidities.

[5] by S Maraki · 2012 · Cited by 89 — Myroides species should be included in the differential diagnosis of skin and soft tissue infections in both immuno- compromised and immunocompetent hosts, ...

[6] by M Licker · 2018 · Cited by 49 — Myroides spp. have been found to be responsible for various infections, including necrotizing fasciitis.

[7] Learn the definition, history and usage of the differential of a function in calculus. The differential is the principal part of the change in a function with respect to changes in the independent variable, and can be defined in various ways depending on the context and level of rigor.