obsolete Anelloviridae infectious disease

Obsolete Anelloviridae Infectious Disease

The Anelloviridae family, which includes viruses such as Torque teno viruses (TTVs) and Torque teno mini virus (TTMV), was previously associated with an infectious disease. However, it is now considered to be a low-risk virus that does not cause significant human or mammalian diseases.

• No known human disease: According to search result [8], Anelloviridae is not associated with any known human disease.
• Latent infections and long-term consequences: Although the viruses in this family are not currently considered to be a major public health concern, they can still cause latent infections and potentially lead to long-term consequences. However, these effects are not well understood and require further research.

It's worth noting that the Anelloviridae family is still being studied, and more information may become available as research continues. However, based on current knowledge, it appears that this virus family does not pose a significant threat to human health.

References: [8]

Based on the provided context, I was able to find some relevant information about an infectious disease that was previously classified under the family Anelloviridae.

Clinical signs include anemia and lymphoid depletion. Sub-clinical infections with horizontally-acquired virus, probably spread by the fecal-oral route, occur [1].

It's worth noting that the Anelloviridae family has been reclassified in recent years, and some of its members are now considered to be part of other viral families.

Infection with HGV (a member of the Anelloviridae family) may cause a mild acute hepatitis but does not seem to cause clinically significant chronic liver disease [3].

Additionally, I found that nodding syndrome, which was previously thought to be caused by an Anelloviridae virus, is now believed to have a different etiology [6].

The most common symptom of another infectious disease (which was previously classified under the family Anelloviridae) is persistent sore throat [9].

It's also worth mentioning that disease ontology has been developed as a standardized ontology for human disease, which includes information on various viral infections, including those caused by viruses from the Anelloviridae family [8].

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases are crucial in limiting their severity and impact on patient care [10].

References:

[1] Context result 1 [3] Context result 3 [6] Context result 6 [9] Context result 9 [10] Context result 10

Based on the available information, it appears that there are diagnostic tests for Torque teno virus (TTV), a member of the Anelloviridae family.

Current Diagnostic Methods

The diagnosis of TTV infection is currently dependent on the detection of viral DNA by PCR assay [1]. This method involves using polymerase chain reaction to amplify and detect the presence of TTV DNA in a sample. A serological assay based on the recombinant TTSuV protein has also been proposed, but its use is not as widespread as PCR assays [1].

Other Relevant Information

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) technology has been used successfully in noninvasive prenatal testing, organ transplant rejection screening, and oncology liquid biopsies [2, 5]. This technology involves analyzing cfDNA to detect specific genetic markers or viruses. However, its application in diagnosing TTV infection is not explicitly mentioned.

Tools for Screening and Diagnosis

A recent study describes a clinicopathologic approach and provides necessary tools to screen and diagnose Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) with TTMV::RARA using existing clinical DNA or RNA-based NGS [7, 8]. While this information is related to APL diagnosis, it may also be relevant to the development of diagnostic tests for other Anelloviridae infectious diseases.

References

[1] The diagnosis of TTSuV infection is currently dependent on the detection of viral DNA by PCR assay, although a serological assay based on the recombinant TTSuV protein has been proposed. [2] Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) technology has been used successfully in noninvasive prenatal testing, organ transplant rejection screening, and oncology liquid biopsies. [5] Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) technology has been used successfully in noninvasive prenatal testing, organ transplant rejection screening, and oncology liquid biopsies. [7] We describe a clinicopathologic approach and provide necessary tools to screen and diagnose APL with TTMV::RARA using existing clinical DNA or RNA-based NGS. [8] We describe a clinicopathologic approach and provide the necessary tools to screen and diagnose APL with TTMV::RARA using existing clinical DNA- or RNA-based NGS.

Understanding Anelloviruses

Anelloviruses, members of the Anelloviridae family, are a type of virus that infects humans worldwide. These viruses are estimated to be found in the serum of 80-90% of the human population, with Torque teno virus (TTV) being the first identified and most widely distributed.

Key Characteristics

• Widespread Distribution: Anelloviruses are found globally, with a high prevalence rate among humans.
• Early Infection: Infection occurs early in life, and the composition of anellome remains stable and personal during adulthood.
• Stable Presence: These viruses are thought to remain present throughout an individual's lifetime.

Implications

The presence of anelloviruses in human populations has significant implications for various aspects of human health. While these viruses do not appear to cause disease, their impact on the human virome is substantial.

Current Research and Findings

Research into anelloviruses continues to uncover new insights into their behavior and interactions with the human body. Studies have explored the effects of interferon-gamma treatment on TTV-infected cells and investigated potential therapeutic approaches for treating anelloviral infections.

Treatment and Prevention

Currently, there are no virostatic drugs with proven efficacy for treating anelloviral infections. The lack of pathogenicity associated with these viruses suggests that they may not require specific treatments.

Apoptin's Role

Apoptin, a protein derived from the Anelloviridae family, has been studied for its ability to induce apoptosis in infected cells. This mechanism has potential applications in treating various diseases.

Recent Developments

Recent studies have investigated the effects of artesunate treatment on anelloviral DNA levels in human blood and explored the relevance of human anelloviruses in pregnancy and labor.

Conclusion

Anelloviruses are a ubiquitous presence in human populations, with significant implications for our understanding of the human virome. Ongoing research continues to uncover new insights into these viruses and their interactions with the human body.

References:

• [1] Anelloviridae family members are widely distributed in human populations worldwide.
• [3] Infection occurs early in life, and the composition (anellome) is thought to remain stable and personal during adulthood.
• [4] There are no virostatic drugs with proven efficacy for AV infection.
• [5] Apoptin causes apoptosis of infected cells.
• [6] Recent studies have investigated the effects of artesunate treatment on anelloviral DNA levels in human blood.

The differential diagnosis of an obsolete infectious disease caused by Anelloviridae involves considering various conditions that may present with similar symptoms.

According to search results, a differential diagnosis of early myeloid neoplasia versus regeneration after marrow insult was considered in cases where thrombocytopenia worsened over time [9]. This suggests that the clinical presentation of an Anelloviridae infection may be confused with other hematological conditions.

In addition, the increasing ratio of ageing population poses new challenges to healthcare systems, and the elderly frequently suffer from severe infections [10]. This demographic factor may contribute to the misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of Anelloviridae infections in older adults.

Furthermore, a study on the dynamic response of the human virome in plasma to antiviral drugs and strong perturbations of the immune system found that changes in anellovirus DNA loads should be evaluated in patients who are critically ill [2]. This implies that the diagnosis of Anelloviridae infections may require careful consideration of the patient's overall clinical context.

It is worth noting that Anelloviridae is a family of viruses that does not cause known human or mammalian disease, and diagnostic tools for this virus are limited [8].

References: [9] HK Tsai (2024) [10] J Ongrádi (2010)