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hypersensitivity reaction disease

ICD-10 Codes

Related ICD-10:

Description

A hypersensitivity reaction, also known as an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity disease, is an abnormal immune response to a substance that the body perceives as foreign.

Types and Characteristics

There are four different types of hypersensitivity reactions:

  • Type I: Immediate reactions involving immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated release of antibodies against the soluble antigen [2].
  • Type II: Antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity, where antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces, marking them for destruction [7].
  • Type III: Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity, where antibodies form complexes with antigens that accumulate in tissues and cause inflammation [8].
  • Type IV: Delayed-type hypersensitivity, a cell-mediated response involving T lymphocytes and macrophages [1].

Symptoms and Effects

Hypersensitivity reactions can manifest in various ways, including:

  • Skin symptoms such as hives, itching, and redness
  • Respiratory problems like asthma or anaphylaxis
  • Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea or abdominal pain
  • Cardiovascular effects like hypertension or cardiac arrest [6].

Causes and Triggers

Hypersensitivity reactions can be triggered by a wide range of substances, including:

  • Allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander
  • Food allergens such as peanuts or shellfish
  • Medications like penicillin or aspirin
  • Insect stings or bites [5].

Treatment and Management

The treatment for hypersensitivity reactions depends on the severity of the reaction and the underlying cause. Mild reactions may be managed with antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine injections. More severe reactions require immediate medical attention and may involve hospitalization [4].

References:

[1] Oct 14, 2021 — A hypersensitivity reaction is an extreme or unnecessary immune response that the

Additional Characteristics

  • Cardiovascular effects like hypertension or cardiac arrest
  • Allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander
  • Food allergens such as peanuts or shellfish
  • Medications like penicillin or aspirin
  • Insect stings or bites
  • Type I: Immediate reactions involving immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated release of antibodies against the soluble antigen
  • Type II: Antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity, where antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces, marking them for destruction
  • Type III: Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity, where antibodies form complexes with antigens that accumulate in tissues and cause inflammation
  • Type IV: Delayed-type hypersensitivity, a cell-mediated response involving T lymphocytes and macrophages
  • Skin symptoms such as hives, itching, and redness
  • Respiratory problems like asthma or anaphylaxis
  • Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea or abdominal pain

Signs and Symptoms

Common Signs and Symptoms of Hypersensitivity Reaction Disease

A hypersensitivity reaction, also known as an allergic reaction, can manifest in various ways depending on the severity and type of reaction. Here are some common signs and symptoms:

  • Mild to Moderate Reactions:
    • Rash or hives (1)
    • Itching or redness of the skin (5)
    • Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat (7)
    • Urticaria (hives) or angioedema (swelling of the deeper layers of skin and mucous membranes) (5)
  • Severe Reactions:
    • Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition that can cause difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure (3)
    • Serum sickness, a rare but serious reaction that can cause fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and cough (4)
  • Other Symptoms:
    • Fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and cough (9)

It's essential to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these severe symptoms or if your symptoms worsen over time.

References: [1] - Context result 1 [3] - Context result 3 [4] - Context result 4 [5] - Context result 5 [7] - Context result 7 [9] - Context result 9

Additional Symptoms

  • Serum sickness
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
  • Itching or redness of the skin
  • Fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and cough
  • urticaria
  • rash

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic Tests for Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions are complex and can be challenging to diagnose. Various diagnostic tests have been developed to help identify these reactions, which can range from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis.

  • Skin tests: These are the most common allergy tests, including prick testing, patch testing, and intradermal testing with delayed readings. These tests measure the body's reaction to specific allergens by placing them on or below the skin (1).
  • Blood tests: Blood tests for allergies measure IgE antibodies to certain allergens in the blood. This test can help diagnose allergies and identify potential triggers (5, 8, 9).
  • In vivo and ex vivo research tests: Specific tests like LTT and ELISpot have been useful in defining patients with true immunologically mediated delayed reactions to a specific drug. However, their diagnostic sensitivity is significantly less than other methods (2).

Other Diagnostic Tools

  • Spirometry or pulmonary function tests: These objective means of assessing asthma and the degree of obstruction can help diagnose respiratory-related hypersensitivity reactions (3).
  • Clinical classification: Determining the morphology, chronology, and time course of symptoms can aid in further diagnostic planning and differentiate between various types of hypersensitivity reactions (10).

Important Considerations

  • Emergency preparedness: Medical professionals should be aware that skin tests with causative drugs can trigger severe systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Proper emergency protocols must be in place (13).
  • Increased sensitivity: Coupling suspected drugs with carrier molecules or using metabolites in diagnostic tests could increase the sensitivity of these tests (15).

References

  1. Skin tests are the most common allergy tests.
  2. In vivo and ex vivo research tests have limited diagnostic sensitivity.
  3. Spirometry can assess asthma and obstruction.
  4. Clinical classification aids in further diagnosis.
  5. Blood tests measure IgE antibodies to allergens.
  6. Skin prick test checks for allergic reactions.
  7. Specialists are trained in diagnosing and treating allergies.
  8. Blood test measures antibodies against allergens.
  9. High IgE levels may indicate an allergy.
  10. Diagnostic tools include skin testing, blood testing, and challenges.
  11. Management approaches include desensitization.
  12. DHRs can cause life-threatening reactions.
  13. Skin tests with causative drugs can trigger severe reactions.
  14. Allergists face the task of addressing drug allergy and hypersensitivity.
  15. Increased sensitivity in diagnostic tests is possible.

Note: The numbers in square brackets refer to the corresponding search results provided in the context.

Additional Diagnostic Tests

  • Blood tests
  • Skin tests
  • In vivo and ex vivo research tests
  • Spirometry or pulmonary function tests
  • Clinical classification

Treatment

Treatment Options for Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions can be treated in various ways, depending on the severity and type of reaction. Here are some common treatment options:

  • Mild reactions: For mild reactions, treatment may involve antihistamines to relieve symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose [1]. Corticosteroids may also be prescribed to reduce inflammation [6].
  • Moderate to severe reactions: In cases of moderate to severe reactions, corticosteroids may be used to speed up recovery [6]. Antihistamines and epinephrine may also be administered to alleviate symptoms.
  • Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate treatment with adrenaline (epinephrine) [5].
  • Medication allergies: Treatment for medication allergies involves stopping the implicated medication, which usually leads to symptom resolution within a few days [4].

Additional Treatment Options

Other treatment options may include:

  • Steroid therapy: Steroids can be used to treat granulomatous-type hypersensitivity reactions [9].
  • Combination of treatments: In many cases, a combination of treatments works best for managing hypersensitivity reactions [11].

It's essential to note that the specific treatment approach will depend on the individual case and may involve a team effort with healthcare professionals.

Recommended Medications

💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.

Differential Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions can be challenging to diagnose, as they can present with a wide range of symptoms and signs. The differential diagnosis for hypersensitivity reactions includes various conditions that may mimic or coexist with these reactions.

  • Pulmonary diseases: Conditions such as acute asthma (non-allergic) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can have similar presentations to type I hypersensitivities [10].
  • Drug or other hypersensitivity reaction: This should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially when patients present with symptoms such as skin rashes, itching, and respiratory issues [11].
  • Nondiagnostic spongiotic/eczematous dermatitis: This condition can also be a part of the differential diagnosis for type I hypersensitivities.
  • Idiopathic eruptions (e.g., itchy red bump disease, urticarial dermatitis): These conditions should also be considered in the differential diagnosis.

In addition to these conditions, the differential diagnosis for type II hypersensitivity reactions largely depends on the presentation patterns specific to each disease category [12]. It is essential to have knowledge of other types of hypersensitivity reactions and their clinical presentations to accurately diagnose these conditions.

Common examples of differential diagnoses for type II hypersensitivity reactions:

  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Allergic disorders

These conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions. A thorough medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests are essential to accurately diagnose these conditions.

References:

[10] - Type I hypersensitivities can present similarly to pulmonary diseases such as acute asthma or COPD. [11] - Drug or other hypersensitivity reaction should be considered in the differential diagnosis for type I hypersensitivities. [12] - The differential diagnosis for type II hypersensitivity reactions largely depends on the presentation patterns specific to each disease category.

Additional Differential Diagnoses

Additional Information

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