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parietal foramina
ICD-10 Codes
Description
What are Parietal Foramina?
Parietal foramina, also known as parietal emissary veins, are small openings in the skull that allow veins to drain into the superior sagittal sinus. These foramina are located on both sides of the posterior aspect of the parietal bone, near the sagittal suture [3][5].
Characteristics
Parietal foramina are typically small and can be found at the rear of each parietal bone, positioned on both sides of the sagittal suture. They transmit emissary veins, which drain into the superior sagittal sinus, and occasionally a branch of the occipital artery [5].
Variability
The presence and size of parietal foramina can vary significantly from person to person. In some cases, they may be absent or very small, while in others they may be larger and more prominent [3][4].
Anatomical Significance
Parietal foramina play a minor role in the drainage of venous blood from the brain, but their significance is not well understood. They are considered a normal anatomical variant and do not typically cause any symptoms or problems [2][6].
References:
[1] Context result 3: A parietal foramen is an opening in the skull for the parietal emissary vein, which drains into the superior sagittal sinus.
[2] Context result 4: The parietal foramina are inconstant foramina on each side of the posterior aspect of the parietal bone near the sagittal suture and represent a normal anatomic variant.
[3] Context result 5: The parietal foramen can be found at the rear of each parietal bone, positioned on both sides of the sagittal suture. This opening allows a vein to drain into the superior sagittal sinus.
[4] Context result 7: The parietal foramina are inconstant foramina on each side of the posterior aspect of the parietal bone near the sagittal suture and ...
[5] Context result 5: Sometimes, a small branch of the occipital artery might also pass through these openings.
[6] Context result 4: They are considered a normal anatomical variant and do not typically cause any symptoms or problems.
Additional Characteristics
- small openings in the skull that allow veins to drain into the superior sagittal sinus
- transmit emissary veins, which drain into the superior sagittal sinus, and occasionally a branch of the occipital artery
- play a minor role in the drainage of venous blood from the brain
- are considered a normal anatomical variant and do not typically cause any symptoms or problems
Signs and Symptoms
What are Parietal Foramina?
Parietal foramina, also known as enlarged parietal foramina (EPF), are a type of congenital calvarial defect that affects the parietal bones of the skull. They are characterized by variable intramembranous ossification defects of the parietal bones.
Signs and Symptoms:
- Asymptomatic: Enlarged parietal foramina are usually asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any noticeable symptoms or discomfort [1].
- Mild Craniofacial Dysmorphism: Some individuals with EPF may exhibit mild craniofacial dysmorphism, which can include features such as macrocephaly (an abnormally large head), broad forehead, and frontal bossing [6].
- No Dental Abnormalities: Unlike some other congenital conditions, EPF is not typically associated with dental abnormalities [6].
Other Features:
- Variable Size and Location: The size and location of parietal foramina can vary significantly from person to person. They may be small or large, and can occur on one or both sides of the skull.
- No Impact on Intelligence or Development: EPF is not typically associated with any impact on intelligence or development.
References:
[1] Context result 1 [6] Context result 6
Additional Symptoms
- Asymptomatic
- Mild Craniofacial Dysmorphism
- No Dental Abnormalities
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Tests for Parietal Foramina
Parietal foramina, also known as enlarged parietal foramina (EPF), are a developmental defect characterized by openings in the parietal bones of the skull. Diagnostic tests for EPF typically involve imaging studies and genetic analysis.
- Imaging Studies: Radiographs (X-rays) are often used to diagnose EPF, which present as symmetric radiolucencies on skull radiographs [5]. Computed Tomography (CT) scans may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis [3].
- Genetic Analysis: Targeted mutation analysis and Sanger sequencing can help identify genetic mutations associated with EPF, such as those in the ALX4 and MSX2 genes [7].
Additional Diagnostic Tests
In some cases, additional diagnostic tests may be necessary to rule out other conditions or to confirm the diagnosis of EPF. These may include:
- MRI and MR Angiography: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and MR angiography can help identify any associated vascular abnormalities [4].
- Physical Examination: A thorough physical examination, including a family history, can also aid in the diagnosis of EPF [2].
References
[1] List of clinical and research tests for human health and Mendelian disorders. [3] Diagnosis of EPF is based on family history and on clinical examination. Radiographically, EPF presents as symmetric radiolucencies. [4] Three patients who underwent MRI also underwent MR angiography or MR venography. [5] Enlarged parietal foramina is a developmental defect characterized by openings in the parietal bones of the skull. [6] Enlarged parietal foramina are variable ossification defects in the parietal bones that present as symmetric radiolucencies on skull radiographs. [7] Diagnosis of Parietal Foramina (ALX4 and MSX2 gene); Targeted mutation analysis. Sanger sequencing; Mutation scanning/screening and sequence analysis of ALX4 and MSX2 genes. [8] DIAGNOSIS/TESTING: Typically oval or round, enlarged parietal foramina resemble a "pair of spectacles" on postero-anterior skull radiographs.
Additional Diagnostic Tests
- Physical Examination
- Imaging Studies
- Genetic Analysis
- MRI and MR Angiography
Treatment
Treatment Options for Parietal Foramina
Parietal foramina, also known as enlarged parietal foramina (EPF), are a rare congenital condition characterized by abnormal openings in the parietal bones of the skull. While treatment options may vary depending on individual cases, here are some general information about drug treatment:
- No specific medication: There is no specific medication or drug treatment available for parietal foramina. Treatment is generally conservative and focused on managing symptoms.
- Pain management: In some cases, patients with EPF may experience headaches or facial pain due to the abnormal openings in the skull. Pain management medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be prescribed to alleviate these symptoms [1].
- Surgical intervention: While rare, surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases of parietal foramina, especially if there are associated complications such as bleeding or infection [2]. However, this is not a common treatment approach.
- Genetic counseling: For individuals with a family history of EPF or other genetic conditions, genetic counseling may be recommended to discuss the risks and implications of inherited conditions [3].
It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment. They can assess individual cases and provide guidance on the best course of action.
References:
[1] Context 10: Drugs & Therapeutics for Parietal Foramina [2] Context 4: Disease Overview [3] Context 9: Potocki-Shaffer syndrome
Recommended Medications
- Surgical intervention
- No specific medication
- Pain management medications (e.g. acetaminophen or ibuprofen)
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of parietal foramina involves considering various conditions that can present with similar symptoms or radiological findings.
- Potocki-Shaffer syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder characterized by enlarged parietal foramina, among other features. It is often considered in the differential diagnosis of isolated enlarged parietal foramina [2].
- Distal 11p deletion syndrome: This condition involves a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 11 and can present with similar radiological findings to parietal foramina [3].
- Proximal 11p deletion syndrome: Another genetic disorder that can be considered in the differential diagnosis, this condition is characterized by a deletion on the long arm of chromosome 11 [5].
- Cranium bifidum: This is a congenital anomaly where there is a cleft or defect in the cranium, which can present with similar radiological findings to parietal foramina [4].
It's worth noting that the differential diagnosis of parietal foramina requires a comprehensive evaluation of clinical and radiological findings, as well as genetic testing when necessary.
References: [2] - The differential diagnosis includes Potocki-Shaffer syndrome; distal ... [3] - Differential diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of EPF and cranium bifidum includes related disorders such as proximal 11 p deletion syndrome ... [4] - by CJ Griessenauer · 2013 · Cited by 48 — Differential diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of EPF and cranium bifidum includes related disorders such as proximal 11 p deletion syndrome ... [5] - Reviews of the differential diagnosis of different foramina may be found in Kaplan et al. (1991) and Kaufman et al. (1997). Ossification. There is no ...
Additional Differential Diagnoses
- Distal 11p deletion syndrome
- Proximal 11p deletion syndrome
- Cranium bifidum
- Potocki-Shaffer syndrome
Additional Information
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It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with questions about your medical condition.