age related macular degeneration 2

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Description

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a problem with your retina. It happens when a part of the retina called the macula is damaged [2]. This damage can cause severe loss of central vision, making everyday activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces challenging [1].

Types of AMD

There are two types of macular degeneration: wet and dry. Wet AMD occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid, causing rapid vision loss. Dry AMD, on the other hand, is a gradual deterioration of the macula as retinal cells die off and are not renewed [8].

Symptoms

The most common symptom of dry AMD is blurred vision. Objects in the center part of your vision often look distorted and dim, and colors may appear faded [4]. You may also experience difficulty reading or performing other tasks that require central vision.

Prevalence

Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and older [5]. It affects millions of people worldwide, with the majority being over the age of 50 [6].

Citations: [1] - Context result 1 [2] - Context result 2 [4] - Context result 4 [5] - Context result 5 [6] - Context result 6 [8] - Context result 8

Early Signs and Symptoms of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a condition that affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision. The early signs and symptoms of AMD can be subtle, but it's essential to recognize them to seek medical attention.

Common Early Symptoms:

• Loss of Central Vision: One of the earliest signs of AMD is a loss of central vision, making it difficult to see details straight ahead [2].
• Blurred or Distorted Area in Vision: The first symptom is often a blurred or distorted area in your vision, which can be mistaken for other eye problems [4].
• Reduced Central Vision: As the condition progresses, you might experience reduced central vision in one or both eyes [3].

Other Possible Symptoms:

• Visual Distortions: Straight lines may appear bent or wavy.
• Gaps or Dark Spots: Gaps or dark spots (like a smudge on glasses) may appear in your vision, especially first thing in the morning.
• Colors Can Fade: Colors may seem less vibrant or fade over time.

Important Note:

It's crucial to consult an eye care professional if you experience any of these symptoms. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and slow disease progression [5].

References:

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[2] Context result 2

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Diagnostic Tests for Age-related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be diagnosed through various tests and exams performed by an eye doctor, including:

• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): A special photograph that shows a detailed image of the retina, helping to detect changes in the macula [1].
• Eye Angiogram: A test that uses dye to highlight abnormal blood vessels growing beneath the macula [3].
• Visual Acuity Test: A common eye chart test that measures vision ability at various distances [13].
• Pupil Dilation: The pupil is widened with eyedrops to allow a closer examination of the retina and detect any changes [8][13].
• Retinal Photography: A test that takes photographs of the retina to monitor changes over time [8].

These tests can help diagnose AMD, particularly in its early stages. It's essential to note that genetic testing may also be recommended for young-onset macular degeneration [4].

Treatment Options for Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Wet AMD, also known as exudative AMD, is a more advanced stage of the disease where abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid, leading to rapid vision loss. Fortunately, there are several effective treatment options available to stabilize or improve vision.

Medications

Several medications have been approved for the treatment of wet AMD:

• Aflibercept (Eylea): This medication has been shown to be effective in improving visual acuity and reducing the risk of further vision loss.
• Ranibizumab (Lucentis): Similar to aflibercept, ranibizumab has been demonstrated to improve visual outcomes and slow disease progression.
• Faricimab (Vabysmo): This is a relatively new medication that targets two biological pathways involved in wet AMD. It has shown promising results in clinical trials.
• Bevacizumab (Avastin): While not specifically approved for wet AMD, bevacizumab has been used off-label to treat the condition.

Other Treatment Options

In addition to medications, other treatment options are available:

• Photodynamic Therapy: This two-step treatment uses a light-sensitive drug to damage abnormal blood vessels.
• Laser Surgery: Laser therapy can help reduce fluid buildup and prevent further vision loss.

It's essential to note that while these treatments can improve or stabilize vision, they do not cure wet AMD. Regular follow-up appointments with an eye care professional are crucial to monitor the disease's progression and adjust treatment plans as needed.

References

• [1] May 23, 2024 — These drugs — including aflibercept (Eylea), ranibizumab (Lucentis), faricimab (Vabysmo) and bevacizumab (Avastin) — stabilize or improve vision ...
• [3] Feb 20, 2024 — Treatment options for Wet AMD include brolucizumab-dbll (Beovu), aflibercept (Eylea and Eylea HD), ranibizumab (Lucentis), faricimab-svoa ( ...
• [8] The main treatment for wet AMD is the injection of medications called anti-VEGF agents. VEGF stands for vascular endothelial growth factor. A high level of VEGF ...

Differential Diagnoses for Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be challenging to diagnose, and several conditions may present with similar symptoms. Here are some differential diagnoses to consider:

• Angioid Streaks: These are breaks in Bruch's membrane that can cause vision loss and are often associated with systemic diseases such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
• Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR): This is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina, leading to visual disturbances. It is more common in young adults and may be mistaken for AMD.
• Choroidal Melanoma: A type of eye cancer that can cause vision loss and is often associated with pigmentation changes in the choroid layer.
• Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV): This is a condition characterized by the growth of new blood vessels under the retina, which can cause vision loss. It is a common complication of AMD but can also occur independently.
• Cuticular Drusen: These are small yellowish deposits in the macula that can be mistaken for drusen associated with AMD.

It's essential to consider these differential diagnoses when evaluating patients with suspected AMD, as accurate diagnosis and treatment can significantly impact patient outcomes. [1][2][3][4][5]