atopic dermatitis 6

Characteristics of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants

Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, typically appears in infancy, as early as 3 months of age [6]. In the acute phase, lesions are intensely pruritic (itchy), red, thickened, scaly patches or plaques that may become eroded due to scratching. As the condition progresses to the chronic phase, scratching and rubbing create skin lesions that appear dry and lichenified.

Distribution of Lesions in Infants

In infants, lesions characteristically occur on the face, scalp, and extensor surfaces (outside) of the arms and legs [6]. The distribution of lesions is age-specific, meaning it can change as the child grows older.

The First Signs of Eczema

One of the first signs of eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a rash that looks different on different individuals [6]. For those with darker skin, the rash can be purple, which may make it harder to diagnose. It's essential to note that the symptoms of eczema can vary from person to person.

Common Symptoms

Some common symptoms of atopic dermatitis include:

• Itching: Itching is the hallmark of AD, with some data showing that more than 85% of people with the condition experience this distressing symptom [5].
• Rash: A rash is another common symptom of eczema, which can appear as red, dry patches on the skin.
• Dry Skin: Dry, cracked, scaly skin is also a characteristic symptom of atopic dermatitis.

Other Symptoms

In addition to these symptoms, people with atopic dermatitis may experience other issues such as:

• Skin Thickening: The skin can become thickened and hardened in some areas.
• Color Changes: The rash can vary in color depending on the individual's skin tone.

It's essential to consult a doctor if you suspect that you or your child has eczema, as early diagnosis and treatment can make a significant difference in managing the condition.

Diagnostic Tests for Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.

• Patch test: This test is used to determine if an allergen is causing the skin symptoms. A small amount of the suspected allergen is applied to the skin, and the reaction is observed over a period of time [6].
• Prick test: Similar to the patch test, but involves pricking the skin with a small needle to introduce the allergen [6].
• Skin biopsy: A sample of skin tissue is taken from the affected area for examination under a microscope. This can help rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms [6].
• Blood tests: Blood tests may be ordered to check for other underlying conditions, such as allergies or immune system disorders [2].

It's worth noting that while these diagnostic tests can provide valuable information, they are not always necessary for a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. A healthcare provider will typically use a combination of medical history, physical examination, and clinical judgment to make a diagnosis.

References: [6] by JFS Salvador · 2017 · Cited by 243 — Additional diagnostic tests, such as the patch test, prick test, skin biopsy, or blood test, are usually necessary to rule out other diseases or other types of eczema.

Treatment Options for Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a chronic skin condition that causes skin rashes and itchiness. While there's no cure for the condition, it can be managed with proper care. Treatment options include:

• Corticosteroid creams: These are anti-inflammatory medications that can help relieve symptoms of eczema and dermatitis.
• Antihistamines: These medications can help reduce itching and skin redness.
• Prescription medications: Such as corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologics, which can be used to treat moderate-to-severe cases of atopic dermatitis.

It's essential to note that treatment options may vary depending on the severity and location of the condition. In some cases, antihistamines or anti-itching medications like diphenhydramine (Benadryl) may be prescribed to help alleviate symptoms.

References:

• [6] Atopic dermatitis is a common skin condition that causes skin rashes and itchiness.
• [9] Topical Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medications that can be very effective in relieving symptoms of eczema and dermatitis.
• [10] Result: | male | female | all topical steroids | 36% | 58% | 46% antihistamines | 20% | 33% | 26% nasal steroids | 17% | 15% | 16% miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics | 20% | 8.3% | 15% miscellaneous topical agents | 7.5% | 24% | 15% (up to 8 drugs prescribed or renewed during a health care provider visit; data may not include preexisting drug regimens; estimates based on NAMCS and NHAMCS, 2006 to 2007)

Differential Diagnoses of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) can be challenging to diagnose due to its diverse presentation and similarity with other skin conditions. The following are some differential diagnoses that should be considered when diagnosing AD:

• Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (Job) Syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent cutaneous and pulmonary infections, elevated IgE levels, and eczema-like skin lesions.
• Pediatric Acrodermatitis Enteropathica: This is a rare inherited disorder that causes severe skin lesions, diarrhea, and failure to thrive in infants.
• Pediatric Contact Dermatitis: This is a type of skin reaction caused by contact with allergens or irritants, which can present similarly to AD.

These differential diagnoses are important to consider when diagnosing AD, as they may require different treatment approaches. A thorough medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests (such as skin biopsies) may be necessary to rule out these conditions and confirm a diagnosis of AD.

References:

• [6] Because the skin lesions in atopic dermatitis can take many forms (papules, vesicles, plaques, nodules and excoriations), it is essential to consider other differential diagnoses such as Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (Job) Syndrome, Pediatric Acrodermatitis Enteropathica, and Pediatric Contact Dermatitis.
• [6] These conditions can present similarly to AD and may require different treatment approaches.