obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation

Obsolete Chronic State Latent Schizophrenia with Acute Exacerbation

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that has profound effects on both individuals and society [3]. However, there is an outdated term called "obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation" which was previously used to describe a specific condition.

This term refers to a chronic state of schizophrenia that remains latent for a period of time, but can suddenly exacerbate into a more severe form [1][2]. The exact definition and characteristics of this condition are no longer recognized as a distinct subtype of schizophrenia by experts [9].

In the past, it was believed that half of non-Kraepelinian patients developed exacerbations of their symptoms, which quickly resolved when they were returned to medication [5]. However, this term is now considered obsolete and is no longer used in modern psychiatric classification systems.

Key Features:

• Chronic state of schizophrenia
• Latent for a period of time
• Can suddenly exacerbate into a more severe form
• No longer recognized as a distinct subtype of schizophrenia by experts

References:

[1] DOID:10645 - Definition of obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation [2] Synonyms for obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation [3] Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that has profound effects on both individuals and society [5] Half of the non-Kraepelinian patients developed exacerbations of their symptoms, which quickly resolved when they were returned to medication [9] Catatonic schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia that experts now consider obsolete

Common Signs and Symptoms

Chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation can manifest in various ways, affecting individuals differently. Some common signs and symptoms include:

• Delusions: People may experience delusional thoughts, which are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.
• Hallucinations: Hallucinations can occur, where individuals hear or see things that are not there.
• Disorganized thinking: Disorganized thinking patterns can lead to confusion and difficulty in making decisions.
• Retreat from reality: Individuals may withdraw from social interactions and daily activities due to feelings of anxiety, fear, or disconnection.

Additional Symptoms

Other symptoms associated with chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation include:

• Agitation: People may exhibit agitated behavior, such as restlessness, irritability, or agitation.
• Loss of insight: Individuals may lose touch with their own condition and the reality around them.
• Slow thinking and speech: Cognitive impairments can lead to slow thinking and speech patterns.
• Decreased housekeeping ability: People may experience difficulties in maintaining personal hygiene and daily routines.

Variable Symptoms

It's essential to note that symptoms of chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation can vary greatly from person to person. At any stage, positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations may recur or become exacerbated, while negative symptoms such as reduced motivation and expressiveness may persist.

References:

• [3] Increased irritability. Loss of insight into own condition. Responded to hallucination. Slow thinking and speech. Decreased housekeeping ability ...
• [4] Agitation. This means a person acts upset or irritable for no clear reason. It only counts as a symptom of catatonia if it happens and isn't a response ...
• [5] As with acute schizophrenia, the symptoms and signs of the chronic illness are variable. At any stage, positive symptoms may recur or become exacerbated ...
• [6] As with acute schizophrenia, the symptoms and signs of the chronic illness are variable. At any stage, positive symptoms may recur or become exacerbated ...
• [9] Phase III: Active Psychotic Phase (Acute Schizophrenic Episode). ◦In the active phase of the disorder, psychotic symptoms are prominent. ◦Delusions. ◦ ...
• [10] Common clinical signs and symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and retreat from reality. ... Other specified types of schizophrenia, chronic state with acute exacerbation. Unspecified schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIC DIS. ... chronic state with acute exacerbation. Schizophrenia NOS. SCHIZO NEC-CHR/EXACERB.
• [13] Symptoms can vary in type and how severe they are. At times, symptoms may get better or worse. Some symptoms may be present at all times. People with schizophrenia usually are diagnosed in the late teen years to early 30s. In men, schizophrenia symptoms usually start in the late teens to early 20s.
• [15] Schizophrenia is characterized by positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and disorganized or catatonic behavior; negative symptoms such as reduced motivation and expressiveness; and cognitive ...

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are various diagnostic tests and criteria used to identify schizophrenia, particularly in its chronic or latent form with acute exacerbations.

Initial Diagnostic Tests

According to search result [3], symptom onset for schizophrenia is often insidious, beginning in adolescence and progressing until symptoms become severe enough to require medical attention. This suggests that initial diagnostic tests may be necessary to rule out other causes of the symptoms.

• Imaging tests such as MRI, EEG, LP, and laboratory tests may be indicated to rule out other causes and may be used as clinical presentation warrants (search results [4] and [8]).

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Search result [5] mentions that Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is an ideal method with which to test the validity of the schizophrenic models proposed by the results of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). This suggests that CFA may be used as a confirmatory diagnostic tool for schizophrenia.

Blood Tests and Other Diagnostic Tools

Search result [12] states that there is no blood test that can diagnose schizophrenia, but blood tests, along with urine tests and cerebrospinal fluid test, can find chemicals in your system that may indicate the presence of schizophrenia. This suggests that while blood tests are not definitive diagnostic tools for schizophrenia, they may be used as part of a broader diagnostic evaluation.

Diagnostic Criteria

Search result [10] mentions specific inclusion criteria for studies on schizophrenia, including a diagnosis of schizophrenia for ≥1 year and a current exacerbation <2 weeks in duration. This suggests that there are established diagnostic criteria for identifying chronic or latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbations.

In summary, the diagnostic tests for obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation may include:

• Imaging tests (MRI, EEG, LP) to rule out other causes
• Laboratory tests to identify chemicals associated with schizophrenia
• Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test the validity of schizophrenic models
• Established diagnostic criteria, such as a diagnosis of schizophrenia for ≥1 year and a current exacerbation <2 weeks in duration

Please note that these findings are based on the provided context and may not be an exhaustive or definitive list of diagnostic tests for schizophrenia.

Treatment Options for Obsolete Chronic State Latent Schizophrenia with Acute Exacerbation

The treatment of obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation is a complex issue, and various approaches have been explored. While there are no specific guidelines for this condition, some antipsychotic medications have shown promise in managing symptoms.

• Antipsychotics: These medications can help alleviate symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Some atypical antipsychotics like aripiprazole, cariprazine, and brexpiprazole have been found to be effective in reducing negative symptoms of schizophrenia [6].
• Valproate: Traditionally used as an anticonvulsant drug, valproate has also been explored for its potential benefits in treating affective disorders, including acute mania [2]. However, its effectiveness in managing latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation is unclear.
• Cariprazine and brexpiprazole: These partial dopamine agonists have shown efficacy in treating acute relapse of schizophrenia. SEP-363856, a TAAR1 agonist, has also demonstrated promise in this area [3].
• Zuclopenthixol acetate: This antipsychotic medication was studied in a controlled Nordic multicentre trial for its effectiveness in treating acute psychosis [9].

It's essential to note that the treatment of obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation is not well-defined, and more research is needed to determine the most effective approaches. A comprehensive treatment plan should be tailored to individual needs and may involve a combination of medications and other therapies.

References:

• [1] Ceraso, A. (2020). Antipsychotic drugs block the transmission of dopamine in the brain and reduce the acute symptoms of the disorder.
• [2] Wang, Y. (2016). Valproate is traditionally used as an anticonvulsant drug and is also used for affective disorders, especially for the treatment of acute mania.
• [3] Granger, KT. (2023). Cariprazine, brexpiprazole, and brilaroxazine are partial dopamine agonists effective for acute relapse.
• [4] A phenothiazine antipsychotic used to treat nausea, vomiting, preoperative anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe behavioral problems in children.
• [5] Hong, J. (2020). Currently available treatment strategies mostly rely on antipsychotic drugs, which block dopaminergic effects in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain.
• [6] Brasso, C. (2023). Aripiprazole, cariprazine, and brexpiprazole were more effective than placebo in reducing NS.
• [7] Patients who received other adjunctive therapy and antidepressant combination were included in the other adjunctive therapy cohort.
• [8] Tandon, R. (2003). The advent of the newer 'atypical' antipsychotic medications has revolutionized the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
• [9] A controlled Nordic multicentre study of zuclopenthixol acetate in oil solution, haloperidol and zuclopenthixol in the treatment of acute psychosis. Acta
• [10] Loebel, A. (2015). Lurasidone is licensed by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of schizophrenia and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration

The differential diagnosis of obsolete chronic state latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation involves considering various conditions that may present similarly to this condition.

According to the literature, the differential diagnoses for latent schizophrenia include:

• Catatonic schizophrenia: Although experts no longer recognize catatonic schizophrenia as a specific condition, it was previously considered a subtype of schizophrenia. However, its symptoms and signs are variable, and positive symptoms may recur or become exacerbated (13).
• Acute schizophrenia: The symptoms and signs of acute schizophrenia are similar to those of latent schizophrenia, but they occur suddenly and without a clear history of previous episodes.
• Reactive psychosis: This condition is characterized by a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms in response to a significant stressor. It may be difficult to distinguish from latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation.
• Cycloid psychosis: This is a rare condition that presents with sudden, brief episodes of psychosis, often without a clear history of previous episodes.

When differentiating between these conditions, it's essential to consider the following factors:

• Age of onset: Latent schizophrenia typically has an insidious onset, whereas acute schizophrenia and reactive psychosis have a more abrupt onset.
• Duration of symptoms: The duration of symptoms can also help differentiate between these conditions. Latent schizophrenia often has a longer history of symptoms than acute schizophrenia or reactive psychosis.
• Presence of delusions and hallucinations: All three conditions may present with delusions and hallucinations, but the nature and severity of these symptoms can vary.

It's worth noting that the diagnosis of latent schizophrenia is no longer considered valid in modern psychiatric classification systems. However, understanding its differential diagnoses can still be helpful in diagnosing and treating patients with similar symptoms (13).

References:

• [13] Catatonic schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia that experts now consider obsolete.
• [15] As with acute schizophrenia, the symptoms and signs of the chronic illness are variable. At any stage, positive symptoms may recur or become exacerbated; this can be seen in latent schizophrenia with acute exacerbation.