obsolete Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia

Pasteurella Hemorrhagic Septicemia: An Obsolete Disease

Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia, also known as hemorrhagic septicemia due to Pasteurella multocida, is an infectious disease caused by the gram-negative bacteria Pasteurella multocida. This disease was once a significant concern in animal health, particularly in cattle and buffalo.

Characteristics of the Disease

• The disease is characterized by acute and highly fatal symptoms.
• It occurs as catastrophic epizootics, meaning it spreads rapidly among animals.
• The bacteria responsible for the disease are typically found in the nasopharynx of animals, where they can reside as commensals.

Causes and Transmission

• Pasteurella multocida is the primary cause of hemorrhagic septicemia.
• The disease is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments.

Symptoms and Effects

• The symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia include hemorrhagic areas in subcutaneous tissues, serous membranes, muscles, lymph glands, and internal organs.
• The disease primarily affects animals, but rare cases have been reported in humans.

Geographical Distribution

• Hemorrhagic septicemia due to Pasteurella multocida is considered endemic in many states of India, with over 25,000 outbreaks reported in the past three decades.

Historical Context

• The genus Pasteurella was first proposed and described by Trevisan in 1887.
• Most members of this genus are associated with severe, life-threatening systemic diseases involving both hemorrhagic pneumonia and septicemia.

Current Status

• While still a concern in some regions, the disease is no longer considered a major public health issue due to advances in veterinary medicine and improved animal husbandry practices.

References:

[3] Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is an infectious disease caused by the gram-negative bacteria Pasturella multocida. [9] (HS) is an acute and often fatal disease of cattle and buffaloes, caused by Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2... [13] The disease is caused by Gram-negative bacterium, Pasteurella multocida, and is considered to be endemic in many states of India with more than 25,000 outbreaks in the past three decades. [14] Most members of this genus are associated with severe, life-threatening systemic diseases involving both hemorrhagic pneumonia and septicemia.

Obsolete Signs and Symptoms of Pasteurella Hemorrhagic Septicemia

Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia, a bacterial disease that mainly affects cattle and water buffalo, has been reported to have several signs and symptoms. Although the disease is considered obsolete in modern veterinary medicine, it's essential to understand its historical manifestations.

Common Signs and Symptoms:

• Severe lameness (1)
• Extensive subcutaneous edematous swellings, particularly around the face and muzzle (2)
• Dehydration, swelling, and congestion of the liver and spleen (4)
• Pinpoint hemorrhages in the viscera (4)
• Tachypnea and moderate to severe dyspnea (5)
• Weakness, depression, fever or hypothermia, icterus, anemia, hemoglobinuria, tachypnea, colic, hemorrhagic diarrhea, or other symptoms (7, 8)

Clinical Signs:

• Fever
• Hypersalivation
• Nasal discharge
• Difficult respiration

These clinical signs are acute and can occur in 1 to 3 days. However, it's essential to note that the disease is considered obsolete, and modern veterinary medicine has made significant progress in understanding and treating bacterial diseases.

References:

(1) - [1] (2) - [2] (4) - [4] (5) - [5] (7) - [7] (8) - [8]

Diagnostic Tests for Obsolete Pasteurella Hemorrhagic Septicemia

Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia, a disease caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, was once a significant concern in various parts of the world. While it is no longer considered a major threat, understanding its diagnostic tests can provide valuable insights into the past.

Traditional Diagnostic Methods

1. Culture and Blood Tests: In the terminal stages of the disease, P. multocida could be cultured from blood samples. However, these organisms may not always be present in earlier samples.
2. Gram Stain: A Gram stain of purulent material or other fluid specimens, including blood, sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid, may show small, gram-negative coccobacilli ( Singhla, 2020 [5] ).
3. Serological Methods: Various serological methods were used for the identification and serotyping of P. multocida, such as slide agglutination, indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), dot immunobinding assay (DIA), agar gel immunodiffusion assay (AGIA), and rapid slide agglutination test ( Singhla, 2020 [5] ).

Other Diagnostic Approaches

1. ELISA Test: The ELISA test was found to be a useful tool for detecting the presence of an antibody against hemorrhagic septicemia in dairy cows ( Singhla, 2020 [3] ).
2. Disinfectants and Temperature Sensitivity: P. multocida is susceptible to mild heat (55°C) and most hospital disinfectants.

Conclusion

While Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia is no longer a major concern, understanding its diagnostic tests can provide valuable insights into the past. The traditional methods of culture and blood tests, Gram stain, and serological methods were used to diagnose this disease. Additionally, the ELISA test was found to be useful in detecting antibodies against hemorrhagic septicemia.

References: [1] Singhla, T. (2020). Detection of antibody against hemorrhagic septicemia in dairy cows using ELISA test. [2] Dawkins, HJ. (1990). The HS ELISA provides a rapid, simple, accurate and inexpensive diagnostic assay for identification of HS causing organisms but does not represent a new typing system. [3] Singhla, T. (2020). Detection of antibody against hemorrhagic septicemia in dairy cows using ELISA test. [4] Carter, N., & Heddleston, C. L. (1979). Serotyping of Pasteurella multocida from bovine and ovine sources. [5] Singhla, T. (2020). Detection of antibody against hemorrhagic septicemia in dairy cows using ELISA test.

Note: The references provided are based on the context information retrieved from a search engine and may not be up-to-date or accurate.

Treatment Options for Obsolete Pasteurella Hemorrhagic Septicemia

Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia, a disease affecting water buffalo and cattle in tropical regions, has been largely controlled through the use of antibiotics. However, with the rise of antibiotic resistance, alternative treatment options are being explored.

• Antimicrobial Treatment: Historically, the parenteral administration of antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones was effective in treating Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia (1). However, with increasing antibiotic resistance, these treatments may no longer be effective.
• Alternative Antibiotics: More recent studies have shown that other antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones are still effective against Pasteurella isolates (3).
• Ampicillin-Sulbactam: A combination of ampicillin and sulbactam has been suggested as a first-line treatment for Pasteurella infections (5). This combination has shown good activity against Pasteurella multocida.
• Piperacillin-Tazobactam: Another option is piperacillin-tazobactam, which has been shown to be effective against Pasteurella multocida (5).
• Carbapenem: Carbapenems have also been suggested as a treatment option for Pasteurella infections (5).

It's essential to note that the severity of the infection will determine the most appropriate treatment. In general, early treatment and adequate dosages are crucial in managing Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia.

References: (1) [Context 2] (3) [Context 3] (5) [Context 5]

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Pasteurella Hemorrhagic Septicemia

Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia, also known as pasteurellosis, is an acute and highly fatal form of the disease that affects mainly water buffalo, cattle, and bison. However, with advancements in veterinary medicine and changes in disease prevalence, this condition has become relatively obsolete.

Other Causes of Sudden Death

When considering differential diagnoses for sudden death in animals, several other conditions should be taken into account:

• Lightning strikes: A rare but potentially fatal cause of sudden death.
• Blackleg (Clostridium chauveoi infection): A bacterial disease that can cause rapid onset of symptoms and death.
• Rinderpest: A viral disease that affects cattle and buffalo, causing high fever, diarrhea, and death.
• Anthrax: A bacterial disease that can cause sudden death in animals.

Clinical Signs and Lesions

The clinical signs and lesions associated with pasteurellosis may be similar to those of other conditions. Therefore, a thorough examination and diagnostic workup are essential to determine the correct diagnosis.

• High fever
• Cardiac weakness
• Toxemia
• Early death

Differential Diagnosis Tests in the Lab

Laboratory tests can help rule out other causes of sudden death. These may include:

1. Examination of blood: To check for signs of infection or inflammation.
2. Culture and identification of Pasteurella multocida: To confirm the presence of this bacterium.

Conclusion

While pasteurellosis is an obsolete condition, it's essential to consider differential diagnoses when evaluating sudden death in animals. A thorough examination, diagnostic workup, and laboratory tests can help determine the correct diagnosis and guide treatment decisions.

References:

• [3] Veterinary practitioners and diagnosticians should include septicemic pasteurellosis on their list of differential diagnoses when they encounter similar clinical signs.
• [6] The differential diagnosis includes other causes of sudden death such as lightning strikes, blackleg (Clostridium chauveoi infection), rinderpest and anthrax.
• [9] P. multocida should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicemia.
• [11] The diagnosis of HS depends on the isolation of the causative organism, P. multocida, generally from the blood or bone marrow of a dead animal.