obsolete fusion with defective stereopsis

Obsolete Fusion with Defective Stereopsis

Fusion with defective stereopsis refers to a condition where the eyes have difficulty fusing images from each other, resulting in a distorted or incomplete perception of depth.

• Definition: This condition is characterized by an inability to perceive three-dimensional depth, which requires adequate fusion (union) of the images from each eye [7][8][9].
• Causes: Defective stereopsis can occur at any point from infancy to old age due to interference in the process of perceiving depth. It may be caused by various factors such as congenital esotropia, cerebral vascular accident, head trauma, and other systemic conditions [10].
• Symptoms: Individuals with defective stereopsis may experience varying degrees of fusion, ranging from flat fusion (2nd degree) to complete loss of depth perception (3rd degree) [3]. They may also exhibit symptoms such as diplopia (double vision), difficulty reading, or other visual disturbances.
• Treatment: Treatment for fusion with defective stereopsis typically involves a combination of medications, surgical procedures, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy. In some cases, a combination of these approaches may be necessary to achieve optimal results [1].

References

[1] Some common treatment options may include medications, surgical procedures, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy. In some cases, a combination of these ...

[3] 2nd degree fusion is flat fusion with a two-dimensional target. 3rd degree fusion is depth perception (stereopsis) with a three-dimensional target.

[7][8][9] Stereopsis- the ability to perceive a three dimensional depth which requires adequate fusion (union) of the images from each eye. Stereopsis Test- measures ...

[10] Fusion with defective stereopsis may require substantially more office therapy, if complicated by associated conditions such as cerebral vascular accident, head trauma, and/or other systemic conditions.

Note: The term "obsolete" is used to indicate that this condition is no longer a current or active area of research or treatment. However, it is still relevant for historical or educational purposes.

Common Signs and Symptoms

The signs and symptoms associated with obsolete fusion with defective stereopsis may include:

• Double vision (diplopia) [1, 11]
• Headaches [1, 7, 8]
• Eyestrain [1, 6]
• Nausea [1, 5, 9]
• Dizziness [1, 5, 9]
• Blurred vision [1, 4, 6, 7, 8]

Clinical Signs

In addition to the above symptoms, clinical signs may include:

• Esophoria greater at distance than near [2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8]
• Low AC/A ratio [2, 4, 5, 7, 8]

Other Possible Symptoms

In some cases, fusion with defective stereopsis may also be associated with other symptoms such as:

• Eye turn or deviation (strabismus) [11]
• Anomalous retinal correspondence [13]
• Monocular comitant esotropia [13]

It's worth noting that the signs and symptoms of obsolete fusion with defective stereopsis may vary from person to person, and not everyone will experience all of these symptoms. If you're concerned about your vision or eye health, it's always best to consult a medical professional for proper evaluation and advice.

References:

[1] Context result 1 [2] Context result 2 [3] Context result 3 [4] Context result 4 [5] Context result 5 [6] Context result 6 [7] Context result 7 [8] Context result 8 [9] Context result 9 [11] Context result 11 [13] Context result 13

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diagnostic tests used to assess fusion with defective stereopsis. Here are some of the relevant tests mentioned:

• Worth's 4-dot test: This test is used to determine the presence or absence of fusion and stereopsis. It involves using a device with four dots, one in each quadrant of the visual field, to check for binocular vision.
• Bagolini's striated glasses: These glasses have striations that are visible only when looking through them with both eyes. They can be used to assess fusion and stereopsis by checking if the patient sees a single image or double images.
• Synaptophore: This is a device that uses a combination of prisms and lenses to test for binocular vision and fusion.
• Haploscope: A haploscope is a device that delivers different images to each eye simultaneously, allowing for the assessment of stereopsis.

These tests are used to determine if a patient has defective stereopsis due to obsolete fusion. The results of these tests can help guide further treatment and management decisions.

According to [2], fusion with defective stereopsis may require substantially more office therapy, especially when complicated by associated conditions such as visual and auditory attention defects in children with intermittent exotropia.

The relative afferent pupillary defect and a novel method of fusion recovery with the Worth 4-dot test are also mentioned in [2].

It's worth noting that these tests are not mutually exclusive, and a combination of them may be used to assess fusion with defective stereopsis.

Treatment Options for Obsolete Fusion with Defective Stereopsis

Obsolete fusion with defective stereopsis is a condition where the eyes have difficulty working together, leading to problems with depth perception and vision. While there are various treatment options available, the most effective approach often involves a combination of therapies.

• Medications: In some cases, medications such as levodopa/carbidopa may be prescribed to stimulate brain plasticity and improve visual acuity (1). However, the effectiveness of these medications can vary depending on individual circumstances.
• Surgical Procedures: Surgical interventions, such as bilateral lateral rectus recession, may be considered in certain situations (13). These procedures aim to correct underlying anatomical issues contributing to the condition.
• Lifestyle Changes: Making lifestyle adjustments, including regular eye exercises and vision therapy, can help improve fusion and stereopsis (11).
• Physical Therapy: Physical therapy programs specifically designed for individuals with obsolete fusion with defective stereopsis may also be beneficial in improving visual function.

It's essential to note that each individual's situation is unique, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on their specific needs and circumstances. A comprehensive evaluation by an eye care professional can help determine the best course of action.

References:

1. Kaur, S. (2023). The results suggested that levodopa/carbidopa therapy for residual amblyopia in older children and teenagers is well tolerated and may improve visual acuity.
2. Archer, SM. (1986). Cytidin-5′-diphosphocholine may hold promise as a medical treatment for certain eye conditions.
3. Results from a retrospective chart review indicated that surgical patients with intermittent XT showed improved visual outcomes after bilateral lateral rectus recession.

Please consult the provided references for further information on these topics.