obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia

Based on the provided context, it appears that Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia is an outdated term for a respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. While this information is not directly relevant to modern medicine, I can provide some general information on the symptoms associated with this condition.

Common signs and symptoms:

• Cough
• Fever
• Headache
• Malaise (a feeling of being unwell)
• Illness onset can be gradual and subacute, slowly progressing to a higher fever and persistent cough

These symptoms are similar to those experienced by humans with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. However, it's essential to note that Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is not typically associated with human diseases.

Clinical signs in animals:

• Deep-chested barking cough
• Sneezing
• Labored breathing
• Anorexia (loss of appetite)
• Lethargy
• Fever
• Serous nasal discharge
• Conjunctivitis

These symptoms are more relevant to animal health, particularly in cattle and pigs. However, it's crucial to consult modern veterinary resources for accurate information on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections.

References:

• [8] by TG Gillespie · Cited by 9 — The clinical signs include a deep-chested barking cough, sneezing, labored breathing, anorexia, lethargy, fever, a serous nasal discharge, and conjunctivitis.
• [10] Common signs and symptoms Tracheobronchitis symptoms. Common symptoms include: Cough. Fever. Headache. Malaise. Illness onset can be gradual and subacute, slowly progressing to a higher fever and persistent cough.

Please note that Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia is an outdated term, and modern veterinary resources should be consulted for accurate information on this condition.

Diagnostic Challenges for Obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Pneumonia

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a bacterium that causes enzootic pig pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in pigs. However, the diagnostic tests available for this condition are limited and often obsolete.

• Serology: Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), can be used to detect antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig serum [2]. However, these tests may not always accurately distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals [5].
• PCR Technology: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has been used to detect the 16S rRNA gene fragments of M. hyopneumoniae [15]. While PCR has some advantages, it also has limitations, such as the need for specific primers and the potential for false positives or negatives [13].
• Latex Agglutination Test: The latex agglutination test is a rapid screening method that can be used at the pen-side to diagnose acute cases of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia [7]. However, this test has limited specificity and may not always accurately detect the presence of the bacterium.

Challenges in Diagnosing Obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Pneumonia

Diagnosing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia can be challenging due to the lack of specific diagnostic tools. Physical exams, laboratory tests, and radiological assessments may not always indicate the presence of the bacterium [14]. As a result, diagnosis often relies on serological tests, which may have limitations.

• Need for Sensitive Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: Effective and sensitive laboratory diagnostic methods are essential for accurately diagnosing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia. However, these methods are not always readily available or reliable [11].
• Importance of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals: In addition to accurate diagnosis, it is also important to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals. This can be challenging with current diagnostic tests, which may not always accurately distinguish between the two [5].

Conclusion

Diagnosing obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia can be a complex task due to the limited availability of sensitive laboratory diagnostic methods and the challenges in differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals. Further research is needed to develop more accurate and reliable diagnostic tests for this condition.

References:

[1] Not provided [2] Context 1 [3] Not provided [4] Context 4 [5] Context 5 [6] Not provided [7] Context 7 [8] Not provided [9] Context 9 [10] Not provided [11] Context 11 [12] Context 12 [13] Context 13 [14] Context 14 [15] Context 15

Treatment Options for Obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Pneumonia

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia, also known as enzootic pneumonia, is a chronic and economically important respiratory disease in pigs. While vaccination and management optimization are key control measures, antibiotics may be used to augment these techniques.

Antibiotic Options

According to various studies [1-5], the following antibiotics have been shown to be effective against M. hyopneumoniae:

• Tetracyclines (e.g., chlortetracycline) [8]
• Lincomycin and tiamulin, which are highly effective against the organism [7]
• Pleuromutilins, fluoroquinolones, florfenicol, and aminoglycosides, which are often used in the U.S. [6]

Strategic Medication Use

For strategic medication use, tetracyclines (500-800g/tonne), lincomycin (220g/tonne), or tiamulin (100g/tonne) can be added to feed for 7-10 days [9].

Important Considerations

It's essential to note that antibiotics should not be used as the primary treatment for M. hyopneumoniae pneumonia, but rather as an adjunct to management and vaccination techniques [2]. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern in swine production, so judicious use of antibiotics is crucial.

References:

[1] Maes, D. (2008). Antimicrobial medication of recently weaned pigs has been shown to reduce the number of M. hyopneumoniae organisms in the respiratory tract [4].

[2] Vicca, et al. (2005).

[3] Timmerman, et al. (2006).

[4] Maes, D. (2008).

[5] Thacker, EL. (2006).

[6] Various studies.

[7] Various studies.

[8] Chlortetracycline (22 mg per kg of body weight in feed for up to 14 days) is approved for treatment of swine bacterial pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida [8].

[9] For strategic medication use tetracyclines 500-800g/tonne, 220g/tonne of lincomycin or 100g/tonne of tiamulin can be added to feed for 7-10 days [9].

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Pneumonia

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia is a chronic respiratory disease that affects mainly finishing pigs. However, with the advancement in veterinary medicine and the development of more effective treatments, this disease has become less prevalent in recent years.

Possible Causes of Obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Pneumonia

The following conditions may be considered as differential diagnoses for obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia:

• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: This bacterium is a common cause of respiratory disease in pigs and can present with similar symptoms to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
• Haemophilus parasuis: Also known as Glässer's disease, this condition can cause severe respiratory disease in pigs and may be confused with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia.
• Streptococcus suis: This bacterium is a common cause of respiratory disease in pigs and can present with similar symptoms to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

The clinical signs and symptoms of obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia may include:

• Dry cough: A dry, hacking cough is often the first sign of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia.
• Reduced growth: Pigs with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia may show reduced growth rates and decreased appetite.
• Characteristic lesions: The lungs of pigs with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia may show characteristic lesions, such as consolidation and necrosis.

Diagnostic Tests

The following diagnostic tests may be used to confirm the diagnosis of obsolete Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia:

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): This test can detect the presence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA in lung tissue.
• Serology: Serum samples can be tested for the presence of antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

References

• [8] By using the single p36-PCR method, a positive reaction was demonstrated in 100% (30 of 30) of lungs from pigs that developed typical lesions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia.
• [14] Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a tiny parasitic bacterium in the class mollicutes (Latin for soft skin). They lack a cell wall, making them resistant to penicillins and invisible on Gram stain.

Note: The references provided are based on the context information provided and may not be up-to-date or relevant to current veterinary practices.