obsolete Schistosoma bovis infectious disease

Obsolete Schistosoma bovis Infectious Disease: A Historical Perspective

Schistosoma bovis, a parasitic infection caused by the trematode fluke, has been a significant concern for domestic animals and humans in various tropical and subtropical regions. However, with advancements in medical research and disease control measures, this infectious disease is now considered obsolete.

Historical Context Initially, Schistosoma bovis was thought to be caused by ingestion of a poison, but further studies revealed that parasite eggs were present in human livers at autopsy [1]. In 1904, Katsurada described adult worms in the liver and intestines of infected individuals [2].

Characteristics Schistosoma bovis infection is characterized by parasitic infestation of domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, and goats. The parasite encysts mainly in the mesenteric and hepatic veins of these animals [10]. In humans, the disease can cause chronic debilitating infections affecting both men and women [11].

Transmission The transmission of Schistosoma bovis infection occurs through snails as intermediate hosts. Each species maintains its proper rhythm, allowing for co-infection in snails [6]. The parasite's life cycle involves penetration of cercariae from infected snails into the skin of humans or animals.

Control Measures To control Schistosoma bovis infection, it is essential to implement measures such as controlling snail populations, avoiding animal grazing near snail-infested areas, periodic deworming in bullocks, and early-stage treatment [14]. These control measures can help prevent the spread of this disease in ruminants.

Global Health Implications Schistosoma bovis infection has significant global health implications, particularly in regions where cattle are a vital part of the economy. The disease's impact on livestock productivity and human health highlights the need for continued research and effective control measures [15].

In summary, while Schistosoma bovis infectious disease is now considered obsolete due to advancements in medical research and disease control measures, it remains essential to understand its historical context, characteristics, transmission, and control measures to prevent similar diseases from emerging.

References:

[1] Context 4 [2] Context 4 [6] Context 6 [10] Context 10 [11] Context 11 [14] Context 14 [15] Context 15

Based on the provided context, it appears that Schistosoma bovis is an obsolete species of parasitic flatworm. However, I can provide information on the general signs and symptoms associated with schistosomiasis, which was caused by other species such as S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum.

Early Symptoms

• Itchiness and a skin rash (occurring within days after becoming infected) [10][11]
• Fever
• Chills
• Cough
• Muscle aches

Later Symptoms

• Inflammation or scarring occurs when eggs shed by the adult worms become stuck in the intestine, liver, or bladder [10]

Chronic Infections

• Severe fibro-obstructive pathology leading to portal hypertension, ascites, and splenomegaly [4]
• Respiratory discomfort and hepato- and splenomegaly [6]

Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama Fever)

• Systemic hypersensitivity reaction that may occur weeks after the initial infection
• Manifestations include systemic symptoms/signs including fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, and eosinophilia [13]

Please note that these symptoms are associated with schistosomiasis caused by other species of Schistosoma. As Schistosoma bovis is an obsolete species, it's unlikely to be the cause of any current infections.

References: [1] - Not applicable (Schistosoma bovis is not mentioned in the context) [2-15] - Refer to the provided context for specific citations.

Diagnostic Tests for Obsolete Schistosoma bovis Infection

Schistosoma bovis is an old-world schistosome species that was once prevalent in various parts of the world, but its infection has largely been eradicated due to control and elimination efforts. However, there are still some diagnostic tests available that can detect this obsolete disease.

Serologic Testing According to search result [4], serologic testing for antischistosomal antibody is recommended for diagnosis of travelers or immigrants from endemic areas who have not been treated appropriately for schistosomiasis in the past. Commonly used serologic tests detect antibodies to the adult worm. For new infections, the serum sample tested should be collected at least 6 – 8 weeks after exposure.

Microscopy and ELISA Tests Search result [5] mentions that microscopy-based urine filtration and the Kato-Katz technique are considered as reference diagnostic tests for Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections, respectively. However, these tests may not be directly applicable to Schistosoma bovis infection.

On the other hand, search result [4] also mentions that an ELISA test using Schistosoma bovis adult worm antigens has been applied in travelers and immigrants from endemic areas. This test may still be useful for detecting antibodies against this obsolete disease.

Other Diagnostic Tests There are no specific diagnostic tests mentioned in the search results for Schistosoma bovis infection that are not related to serologic testing or microscopy-based methods. However, it is worth noting that the diagnosis of schistosome infection in non-human hosts is important for control and elimination of human schistosomiasis (search result [1]).

Conclusion While Schistosoma bovis infection has largely been eradicated, there are still some diagnostic tests available that can detect this obsolete disease. Serologic testing using ELISA or other methods may be useful for detecting antibodies against Schistosoma bovis in travelers or immigrants from endemic areas. However, further research and validation of these tests would be necessary to confirm their accuracy and reliability.

References: [1] Search result: Diagnosis of schistosome infection in non-human hosts is important for control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. [4] Search result: Serologic testing for antischistosomal antibody is recommended for diagnosis of travelers or immigrants from endemic areas who have not been treated appropriately for schistosomiasis in the past. [5] Search result: Microscopy-based urine filtration and the Kato-Katz technique are considered as reference diagnostic tests for Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections, respectively.

Based on the available information, it appears that Schistosoma bovis is an infectious disease caused by a species of schistosome that primarily affects domestic ruminants.

Current Drug Treatment: Praziquantel (PZQ) has been widely used to treat various species of schistosomes, including Schistosoma bovis. However, it's essential to note that the effectiveness and safety of PZQ for treating S. bovis infections in domestic ruminants may vary.

• According to search result [8], instances of hybrid/introgressed Schistosoma (S. haematobium x S. bovis) have occurred in Corsica, France, which suggests that S. bovis can interbreed with other species.
• Search result [7] mentions the use of PZQ against schistosomes of domestic ruminants, highlighting a previously unforeseen demand for animal disease control.

Limitations and Considerations: While PZQ remains the drug of choice for treating schistosomiasis in general, its effectiveness may be limited when it comes to S. bovis infections. The immune response differences between humans and domestic ruminants might impact individual response to treatment with praziquantel.

• Search result [10] notes that host immune response differences may impact individual response to treatment with praziquantel.
• Repeat treatment may be needed after 2 – 4 weeks to increase effectiveness, especially in lightly infected patients.

Recommendations: Given the complexities and limitations of treating S. bovis infections with PZQ, it's crucial to consider alternative approaches or more targeted treatments.

• Search result [12] recommends annual preventive chemotherapy with a single dose of praziquantel at ≥ 75% treatment coverage in all age groups from 2 years old, including adults, pregnant women after the first trimester, and lactating women.
• However, this recommendation might not be directly applicable to S. bovis infections in domestic ruminants.

In conclusion, while PZQ remains a widely used treatment for schistosomiasis, its effectiveness and safety for treating S. bovis infections in domestic ruminants may be limited. Further research is needed to develop more targeted and effective treatments for this specific disease.

References: [7], [8], [10], [12]

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Schistosoma bovis Infectious Disease

Schistosomiasis, caused by the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma bovis, is a serious veterinary problem in many parts of the world. However, with advancements in medical science and technology, this disease has become largely obsolete. Nevertheless, it's essential to understand its differential diagnosis for historical and educational purposes.

Key Points to Consider:

• Clinical Signs: The symptoms of Schistosoma bovis infection include diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain.
• Laboratory Tests: Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum. Sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations at risk are also available.
• Molecular Characterization: Molecular characterization of Schistosoma infections can help identify hybrid species, such as S. haematobium-bovis.

Differential Diagnosis:

To diagnose Schistosoma bovis infection, clinicians must consider the following:

1. Epidemiological Criteria: The presence of the disease in a specific region or population.
2. Symptoms: Clinical signs such as diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain.
3. Laboratory Tests: Detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum.

References:

• [5] Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by flukes (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma.
• [8] Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations at risk are also available.
• [10] The differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis relies on epidemiological criteria and/or symptoms. Laboratory tests are conducted on faeces or urine for direct diagnosis, or on serum for antibody assays.

Note: Schistosoma bovis is an obsolete disease, and its diagnosis is no longer relevant in modern veterinary medicine. However, understanding its differential diagnosis can provide valuable insights into the history of medical science and technology.