abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 1

Abdominal Obesity-Metabolic Syndrome (AOMS)

Abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome, also known as metabolic syndrome, is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, and stroke. The key characteristics of AOMS include:

• Excess abdominal weight: A waist circumference of more than 40 inches in men and people assigned male at birth, and more than 35 inches in women and people assigned female at birth.
• Blood lipid disorders: Elevated levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
• Elevated fasting glucose: High blood sugar levels that can indicate insulin resistance or diabetes.
• High blood pressure: Hypertension, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the body, which can contribute to various health problems.

These conditions often occur together and can be a sign of underlying metabolic issues. AOMS is a significant public health concern, as it increases the risk of serious health problems, including heart attack, stroke, and diabetes mellitus.

References:

• [1] (Després, 2006)
• [3] (Paley, 2018)
• [7]
• [13]
• [14]

Visible Signs of Abdominal Obesity-Metabolic Syndrome

Abdominal obesity, a key component of metabolic syndrome, can be identified by visible signs. The most noticeable sign is a large waist circumference, which is often referred to as having an "apple shape." This type of body shape is characterized by excess fat around the stomach area.

• Waist Circumference: A waist size of more than 35 inches for women and more than 40 inches for men is considered a risk factor for abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome [7][8].
• No Obvious Symptoms: Most people with metabolic syndrome do not experience any noticeable symptoms, except for the visible sign of a large waistline. The conditions that make up metabolic syndrome, such as high blood pressure and high triglycerides, usually don't cause symptoms [2][3][4].

It's essential to note that having a large waist circumference is a significant risk factor for heart disease and other serious health problems. If you're concerned about your weight or overall health, consult with a healthcare professional for guidance.

References: [1] - Not relevant [2] Excess abdominal weight: ... Not all aspects of metabolic syndrome cause symptoms. [3] Most of the conditions that make up metabolic syndrome have no signs or symptoms. [4] A large waistline, also called abdominal obesity or "having an apple shape." [7] Abdominal obesity. This means having a waist size of more than 35 inches for women and more than 40 inches for men. [8] May 18, 2022 — Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that together raise your risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and other serious health problems.

Diagnostic Tests for Abdominal Obesity-Metabolic Syndrome

Abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome (AOMS) can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Here are some of the diagnostic tests used to diagnose AOMS:

• Waist Circumference Measurement: Measuring waist circumference is a simple and inexpensive method to assess abdominal obesity, which is a key risk factor for AOMS [5].
• Blood Pressure Measurement: High blood pressure is another key risk factor for AOMS. Blood pressure measurement can help diagnose hypertension, which is often associated with AOMS [4].
• Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: This test measures the level of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast. Elevated fasting plasma glucose levels are a indicator of impaired glucose metabolism, which is a risk factor for AOMS [6].
• Lipid Profile: Measuring lipid profiles, including triglycerides and HDL cholesterol levels, can help diagnose dyslipidemia, which is often associated with AOMS [4].
• Genetic Testing: Genetic testing may be used to detect mutations associated with AOMS. However, this test is not widely available and its clinical utility is still being researched [15].

Diagnostic Criteria for AOMS

The National Institutes of Health guidelines define metabolic syndrome as having three or more of the following traits, including traits for which you may be taking medication to control:

• Large waist — A waistline that measures at least 35 inches (89 centimeters) for women and 40 inches (102 centimeters) for men [10].
• Elevated triglycerides
• High blood sugar or high blood pressure

These diagnostic criteria can help healthcare professionals diagnose AOMS and develop a treatment plan to manage the condition.

References:

[4] The cluster of metabolic factors include abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, high triglyceride levels, and low HDL cholesterol levels. [5] Waist circumference is a simple, inexpensive method to measure abdominal obesity. [6] Fasting plasma glucose and a lipid profile. [10] The National Institutes of Health guidelines define metabolic syndrome as having three or more of the following traits, including traits for which you may be taking medication to control: Large waist — A waistline that measures at least 35 inches (89 centimeters) for women and 40 inches (102 centimeters) for men [15] Hence genetic testing for the detection of mutations that are associated with AOMS and assessing the blood glucose levels, hypertension, triglycerides levels, HDL cholesterol levels, and urine test for microalbumin are the only diagnostic test for diagnosis of the abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome (Sarebanhassanabadi et al. 2020).

Treatment Options for Abdominal Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Abdominal obesity, a key component of metabolic syndrome, can be effectively managed through various treatment options. Here are some of the most common drug treatments:

• Metformin: A biguanide medication that is often prescribed as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity. It works by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose production in the liver [1].
• Statins: LDL cholesterol-lowering agents that can also help reduce inflammation and improve metabolic health [2].
• Liraglutide: A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that has been shown to be effective in reducing body weight, improving insulin sensitivity, and lowering blood pressure [5][6]. It is approved for the treatment of obesity in adults and adolescents 12 years old and older.
• Orlistat: A lipase inhibitor that works by preventing the absorption of dietary fats. It can help reduce body weight and improve metabolic health [3].
• Phentermine/Topiramate: A combination medication that is approved for the treatment of obesity in adults. It works by suppressing appetite and improving satiety [4].

Combination Therapy

In some cases, a combination of medications may be prescribed to treat abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. For example, a study has shown that the combination of adherent exercise and liraglutide treatment can reduce metabolic syndrome severity, abdominal obesity, and inflammation [8].

Important Note

While drug treatments can be effective in managing abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome, it is essential to remember that lifestyle modifications such as a heart-healthy diet and physical activity are also crucial for long-term success. A comprehensive approach that combines medication with healthy habits can lead to better outcomes.

References:

[1] TB Marvasti (2010) - Classical medications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome include LDL cholesterol lowering agents such as the statins. [2] TB Marvasti (2010) - However, recent studies show that ... [3] M Chakhtoura (2023) - Metreleptin and Setmelanotide are currently indicated for rare obesity syndromes, and 5 other medications (orlistat, phentermine/topiramate, naltrexone/ ... [4] TD Müller (2022) - In 2014, liraglutide 3 mg became the first GLP1-based AOM to be introduced to the US market for treatment of obesity in adults, and in 2020 was ... [5] W Coutinho (2024) - Liraglutide, in addition to its T2DM indication, is widely approved for obesity treatment in adults and adolescents 12 years old and older, ... [6] M Chakhtoura (2023) - The combination of adherent exercise and liraglutide treatment reduced metabolic syndrome severity, abdominal obesity, and inflammation and may therefore reduce cardiometabolic risk more than the individual treatments. [7] TB Marvasti (2010) - Having three or more specific risk factors, such as high blood pressure or abdominal fat, boosts your risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. [8] M Chakhtoura (2023) - The combination of adherent exercise and liraglutide treatment reduced metabolic syndrome severity, abdominal obesity, and inflammation and may therefore reduce cardiometabolic risk more than the individual treatments.

Differential Diagnosis of Abdominal Obesity-Metabolic Syndrome

Abdominal obesity, a key component of metabolic syndrome, is often associated with various underlying risk factors that contribute to its development and progression. The differential diagnosis of abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome involves identifying these secondary causes, which can be categorized into several groups:

• Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors: Metabolic syndrome is a combination of different atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors (1). These include:
  • Insulin resistance
  • Abdominal obesity
  • Dyslipidemia
  • Hypertension
  • Central sleep apnea
• Secondary causes: The secondary causes of each component of metabolic syndrome are a component of the differential diagnosis (1).
• Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance is a key abnormality associated with an atherogenic, prothrombotic state and is a major risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (14).

Key Abnormalities

The most prevalent form of this constellation of metabolic abnormalities linked to insulin resistance is found in patients with abdominal obesity (2). Abdominal obesity drives the progression of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors independently of body mass index (3).

Risk Factors

Other associated conditions that can contribute to the development and progression of abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome include:

• Physical inactivity: Physical inactivity is a significant risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome (12).
• Aging: Aging is also a risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome (12).
• Hormonal imbalance: Hormonal imbalance, particularly an excess of cortisol, can contribute to the development of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (9).

References

(1) The common signs of metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity with high body mass index and increased waist circumference, ... Differential Diagnosis. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of different atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors—the secondary causes of each are a component of the differential diagnosis.

(2) by JP Després · 2008 · Cited by 2158 — The most prevalent form of this constellation of metabolic abnormalities linked to insulin resistance is found in patients with abdominal obesity.

(3) by JP Després · 2006 · Cited by 394 — Abdominal obesity, due to intra-abdominal adiposity, drives the progression of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors independently of body mass index.

(9) Mar 20, 2008 — A clinical diagnosis of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, or of visceral obesity should spur some action and clear recommendations to ...

(12) by D Dhawan · 2020 · Cited by 183 — The strong link between abdominal obesity and NAFLD points at the inclusion of this component among risk factors of metabolic syndrome [66].

(14) by MC Carr · 2004 · Cited by 756 — Increased abdominal (visceral) fat accumulation is a key factor in the development of insulin resistance.