obsolete Mononegavirales infectious disease

Obsolete Mononegavirales Infectious Disease

The term "Mononegavirales infectious disease" refers to a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the order Mononegavirales. However, it appears that this term is no longer in use and has been replaced by more specific designations for individual diseases.

Formerly Classified Diseases

According to search results [5], the term "Mononegavirales infectious disease" was previously used to describe a range of viral infections caused by viruses within the order Mononegavirales. However, this broad classification is no longer employed in modern virology.

Current Classification

Instead, specific diseases such as rabies (caused by Rhabdoviridae), ephemeral fever, and vesicular stomatitis are now classified under their respective viral families [6]. The order Mononegavirales has undergone significant revisions, with the addition of new subfamilies and genera, and the creation of novel species [10, 11].

Taxonomic Changes

In February 2019, the order Mononegavirales was amended to include four new subfamilies, 12 new genera, and 28 novel species [10, 11]. This update reflects a more nuanced understanding of viral taxonomy and classification.

Conclusion

The term "Mononegavirales infectious disease" is no longer in use due to the evolution of virological classification systems. Instead, specific diseases are now classified under their respective viral families or orders.

Based on the provided context, it appears that Mononegavirales is an order of negative-strand RNA viruses which have nonsegmented genomes. Some members of this order cause human disease, including Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Fever and fatigue are common symptoms among various Mononegavirales infections [13].
• The symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue [13].
• Some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization, while mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies [13].

Specific Symptoms by Disease:

• Ebola virus: Not mentioned in the context as a Mononegavirales disease. However, it is worth noting that Ebola virus causes severe symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding.
• Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV): Symptoms include cough, wheezing, fever, respiratory distress, hypoxia [6].
• Measles virus: Classic symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes, and a characteristic rash.
• Mumps virus: Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and swelling of the parotid glands (salivary glands).
• Nipah virus: Symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, and respiratory problems.
• Rabies virus: Classic symptoms include fever, headache, agitation, confusion, paralysis, and death if left untreated.

Note:

Mononegavirales is an order of viruses that includes several pathogens. The specific symptoms mentioned in the context are general and may not be exhaustive for each disease within this order.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are diagnostic tests available for Mononegavirales infectious diseases, which include rabies and other related viruses.

According to search result [10], the most widely used test for rabies diagnosis is the DFA (Direct Fluorescent Antibody) test, which is recommended by both WHO and OIE. This test is used directly on a brain impression smear.

Additionally, search result [11] mentions that most diagnostic tests for rabies virus in animals need brain material for diagnosis and are often only possible post-mortem. Brain samples are most commonly used for this purpose.

Furthermore, search result [15] states that infection in animals can be diagnosed by demonstrating the presence of rabies virus antigen in brain tissue using a direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test.

It's worth noting that while these tests are available, there may not be as much information on diagnostic tests specifically for other Mononegavirales infectious diseases beyond rabies. However, the general principles and methods used for diagnosing rabies can likely be applied to other related viruses in this family.

Here are some key points to consider:

• DFA test is a widely used and recommended method for diagnosing rabies.
• Brain material is often required for diagnosis, especially post-mortem.
• Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) tests can detect the presence of rabies virus antigen in brain tissue.

References: [10], [11], [15]

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are limited treatment options available for certain Mononegavirales infections.

• For Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), which is a member of the non-segmented, negative-strand (NNS) group of RNA viruses, no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is currently available [1].
• However, researchers are exploring potential targets for intervention with antiviral drugs, and some agents are in early stages of clinical development [13].
• In contrast to RSV, other Mononegavirales infections such as Ebola virus (EBOV) have shown promise with certain treatments.
  • Ansuvimab has been developed to treat EBOV infections in adults and pediatric patients [3].
  • T-705 represents the first effective therapeutic agent for advanced Zaire EBOV infection in an animal model, reducing viremia and ameliorating clinical symptoms [4].
  • Clomiphene and Toremifene have been administered to mice with EBOV infections, resulting in a survival rate of 50-90% [6].

It's worth noting that the treatment landscape for Mononegavirales infections is evolving, and further research is needed to identify effective treatments for these diseases.

References:

[1] Context result 2 [3] Context result 3 [4] Context result 4 [6] Context result 6

Based on the provided context, it appears that the order Mononegavirales has undergone significant changes and updates in its taxonomy over the years.

Updated Taxonomy

The order Mononegavirales was initially established in 1991 to accommodate related viruses with nonsegmented, linear, single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes [14]. However, subsequent years have seen the inclusion of numerous novel families, subfamilies, and genera within this order. For instance, in 2016, two new families (Mymonaviridae and Sunviridae) were added, along with the elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae to family status (Pneumoviridae) [13].

Recent Changes

More recently, in 2020-2022, further changes occurred within the order Mononegavirales. The addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera, along with the creation of 28 novel species, was supported by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) [11]. This update reflects the ongoing efforts to refine our understanding of viral taxonomy.

Differential Diagnosis

When considering differential diagnosis for infectious diseases within the Mononegavirales order, it is essential to take into account these recent updates and changes. The following conditions may be relevant:

• Rabies: A viral disease caused by Lyssavirus (formerly classified under Rhabdoviridae family), which can be diagnosed through direct antigen detection in brain tissue [5].
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): A virus that causes acute respiratory tract infections, primarily affecting infants and older adults. Recent findings have elucidated RSV entry mechanisms and progress on new interventions [9].
• Avian Bornavirus: A viral infection diagnosed through direct and indirect virus detection methods, with a major focus on avian species [2].

Key Considerations

When differentiating between these conditions, it is crucial to consider the following factors:

• Clinical presentation: Symptoms such as fever, acute pneumonitis, pleocytosis, bacteriuria, pyuria, diarrhea, rash, monarthritis, polyarthritis, jaundice, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and hematologic changes associated with infection [10].
• Laboratory findings: Direct antigen detection, PCR, or serological tests may be employed to diagnose specific conditions within the Mononegavirales order.
• Epidemiological context: Consideration of the patient's exposure history, geographic location, and potential zoonotic transmission routes.

Conclusion

The differential diagnosis for infectious diseases within the Mononegavirales order requires a comprehensive understanding of recent updates in viral taxonomy. By considering clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and epidemiological context, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose and manage these conditions.