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obsolete paratuberculosis

Description

Obsolete Paratuberculosis: A Historical Perspective

Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease, has been a significant concern in the livestock industry for over a century. The disease was first described by Johne and Frothingham in 1895 [11] as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine in cattle.

Early Understanding

Initially, the disease was thought to be caused by a variety of factors, including poor sanitation, contaminated feed, and inadequate veterinary care. However, as research progressed, it became clear that the disease was actually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) [15].

Historical Designation

The paratuberculosis strain was designated as ATCC 12227, an obsolete and non-existent ATCC number [2]. This designation highlights the early understanding of the disease, which was later refined through further research.

Lessons Learned

While the disease is no longer considered "obsolete," its historical significance serves as a reminder of the importance of continued research and vigilance in the livestock industry. The lessons learned from paratuberculosis have contributed to our understanding of other mycobacterial diseases and the development of more effective diagnostic and control measures.

References:

[1] Context result 1 [2] Context result 2 [11] Context result 11 [15] Context result 15

Additional Characteristics

  • Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease, has been a significant concern in the livestock industry for over a century.
  • The disease was first described by Johne and Frothingham in 1895 as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine in cattle.
  • Initially, the disease was thought to be caused by a variety of factors, including poor sanitation, contaminated feed, and inadequate veterinary care.
  • However, as research progressed, it became clear that the disease was actually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP).
  • The paratuberculosis strain was designated as ATCC 12227, an obsolete and non-existent ATCC number.
  • While the disease is no longer considered "obsolete," its historical significance serves as a reminder of the importance of continued research and vigilance in the livestock industry.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms of Obsolete Paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease, was a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affected ruminant animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. The signs and symptoms of this disease were often subtle in the early stages, making it challenging to diagnose.

Early Signs: * Gradual weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite (wasting) [3][5] * Subtle changes in behavior, such as lethargy or decreased milk production in dairy cattle [9]

Progressive Symptoms: * Chronic diarrhea (scouring) in cattle, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances [1][5] * Progressive weakness and cachexia (weight loss due to disease) [7][9] * Submandibular edema (swelling under the jaw) [7]

Terminal Stage: * Profuse watery diarrhea without tenesmus (the urge to defecate) [7][9] * Granulomatous inflammation in the ileum and draining lymph nodes, as seen on histopathological examination

Additional Symptoms

  • Gradual weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite (wasting)
  • Subtle changes in behavior, such as lethargy or decreased milk production in dairy cattle
  • Chronic diarrhea (scouring) in cattle, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
  • Progressive weakness and cachexia (weight loss due to disease)
  • Submandibular edema (swelling under the jaw)
  • Profuse watery diarrhea without tenesmus
  • Granulomatous inflammation in the ileum and draining lymph nodes, as seen on histopathological examination

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic Tests for Paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease, is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The diagnostic tests for this disease have evolved over time, and some older methods are now considered obsolete.

Liquid Culture Methods

One of the older liquid culture methods used to detect MAP was the Bactec 460 radiometric system [3]. However, this method had a major constraint - it required a 2-3 months incubation period [15], making it impractical for routine diagnostic use. Another liquid culture method, the Bactec MGIT 960, has also been used for MAP identification [3].

Radiometric Systems

The radiometric systems, such as the Bactec 460 and Bactec MGIT 960, were once considered reliable methods for detecting MAP. However, these systems have largely been replaced by more modern techniques due to their limitations in sensitivity and specificity.

Obsolete Diagnostic Tests

Other obsolete diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis include:

  • Direct detection methods: These methods, such as culture, microscopy, PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence, were once used to directly detect the MAP bacteria. However, these methods have been largely replaced by more modern techniques due to their limitations in sensitivity and specificity [13].
  • Skin tests: The Johnin and avian tuberculin skin tests were once used to diagnose paratuberculosis. However, these tests are no longer considered reliable due to their low sensitivity and specificity.

Modern Diagnostic Tests

In contrast, modern diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis include:

  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): PCR targeting the insertion sequence 900 (IS 900) in fecal samples is a frequently used technique for herd screening [8].
  • Serum ELISA: Serum ELISA was used in most studies to detect antibodies against MAP [7].

Conclusion

In conclusion, while some older diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis are still mentioned in the literature, they are largely considered obsolete due to their limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Modern diagnostic tests, such as PCR and serum ELISA, have become the standard methods for detecting this disease.

References:

[1] Whittington RJ (2009) [96] [2] Whittington R (2019) [328] [3] Whittington RJ (2009) [96] [4] Doré E (2012) [103] [5] Whittington R (2019) [328] [6] OIE Terrestrial Manual chapter 2.1.11 Paratuberculosis 2020 [7] Doré E (2012) [103] [8] Whittington R (2019) [328] [9] OIE Terrestrial Manual chapter 2.1.11 Paratuberculosis 2020 [10] Whittington RJ (2009) [96] [11] Whittington R (2019) [328] [12] OIE Terrestrial Manual chapter 2.1.11 Paratuberculosis 2020 [13] Whittington RJ (2009) [96] [14] Whittington R (2019) [328] [15] Whittington R (2019) [328]

Additional Diagnostic Tests

  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • Serum ELISA
  • Liquid Culture Methods
  • Radiometric Systems

Treatment

Treatment Options for Paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne's disease, is a chronic bacterial infection that affects cattle and sheep worldwide. While there are no approved drugs for the treatment of paratuberculosis in the United States, various antimicrobial agents have been used to manage the disease.

  • Isoniazid: This antibiotic has been commonly used to treat paratuberculosis in cattle. Administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg every 24 hours, isoniazid can help control the infection (1).
  • Rifampin and Clofazimine: These antibiotics have also been used individually or in combination with other drugs to treat paratuberculosis. Rifampin has shown efficacy against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, while clofazimine can help reduce the shedding of MAP organisms (3).
  • Monensin: This antibiotic has been approved for use in Canada to control paratuberculosis in cattle. However, its effectiveness and safety in food-producing animals are still being studied.
  • Macrolide drugs: Clarithromycin and azithromycin have shown the greatest in vitro efficacy against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (5).

Challenges in Treatment

The treatment of paratuberculosis is often challenging due to several factors:

  • Lack of approved drugs: In the United States, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of paratuberculosis.
  • Extralabel use: Antimicrobial agents used to treat paratuberculosis are not labeled

Recommended Medications

💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.

Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of paratuberculosis involves considering other diseases that may present similar clinical signs and symptoms. Based on the search results, it appears that the differential diagnosis of paratuberculosis could include many diseases, such as:

  • Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infections: These can cause a range of clinical signs, including weight loss, diarrhea, and decreased milk production in cattle.
  • Brucellosis: This bacterial infection can also cause symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and reproductive problems in cattle.
  • Tuberculosis: Another mycobacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms to paratuberculosis, including coughing, difficulty breathing, and weight loss.

According to search result [11

Additional Differential Diagnoses

Additional Information

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