obsolete commensal Escherichia coli infectious disease

Obsolete Commensal Escherichia coli Infectious Diseases

Commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) are bacteria that normally reside in the human body, particularly in the intestines. While most strains of E. coli are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some commensal E. coli have been associated with infectious diseases in the past.

• Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC): This type of E. coli was once thought to be a cause of bloody diarrhea, similar to Shigella infections [5]. However, further research has shown that EIEC is not as common or significant a pathogen as previously believed.
• Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC): These two types of E. coli were once considered to be major causes of food poisoning in humans [3]. However, their significance as pathogens has been largely diminished with the advancement of modern medicine and sanitation practices.
• Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC): While STEC is still a significant concern today, its prevalence and impact have decreased over time due to improved hygiene and food safety measures [7].

It's essential to note that these commensal E. coli infectious diseases are now considered obsolete, and their significance as pathogens has been largely diminished. Modern medicine and sanitation practices have greatly reduced the incidence of these diseases.

References:

• [3] Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes such as EPEC and ETEC are pathogenic, can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts and are occasionally associated with infectious diseases.
• [5] Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) causes bloody diarrhea, similar to Shigella, often with abdominal pain. Fecal leukocytes are frequently present.
• [7] Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), also known as verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), is one of the most common causes of foodborne illnesses.

Peracute signs of depression, weakness, tachycardia, and dehydration predominate when highly virulent strains of E. coli cause septicemia [1]. However, in the context of obsolete commensal Escherichia coli infectious disease, we can look at some historical symptoms.

• Watery diarrhea with or without blood and mucus: Although not all EAggEC infections result in symptomatic illness, this is one of the most commonly reported symptoms [4].
• Tenesmus, fever, malaise, and abdominal cramps: These symptoms are associated with enteroinvasive E. coli, which can cause gastroenteritis [5].
• Bloody diarrhea: This symptom is more commonly associated with Shigella-like infections caused by Enteropathogenic E. coli (EIEC) [2].

It's worth noting that these symptoms are not specific to obsolete commensal Escherichia coli infectious disease and can be caused by other pathogens as well.

References: [1] SF Peek · 2018 [2] Sep 8, 2024 [4] Although not all EAggEC infections result in symptomatic illness, the most commonly reported symptoms are watery diarrhoea with or without blood and mucus, ... [5] Symptoms include diarrhea (generally mucoid and watery but nonbloody), tenesmus, fever, malaise, and abdominal cramps.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are various diagnostic tests available for identifying and categorizing different pathotypes of Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections.

• Stool culture: This is a traditional method used to diagnose EIEC infection by detecting the presence of the bacteria in stool samples [3].
• DNA detection: Specific genes associated with EIEC can be detected using DNA-based tests, which can help confirm the diagnosis [3].
• Molecular multiplex syndromic panel testing: This is a newer approach that involves simultaneous testing for multiple pathogens, including E. coli, in a single test [13]. There are currently 4 molecular multiplex syndromic panels available in the U.S. that include E. coli testing.
• Rapid diagnostic tests: These tests can quickly identify the presence of E. coli and other pathogens in stool or blood samples [13].

It's worth noting that while these tests can help diagnose E. coli infections, they may not always be necessary for all cases. For example, if a patient presents with symptoms consistent with an E. coli infection, but has no underlying health conditions, a more targeted approach to testing may be sufficient.

In terms of obsolete commensal E. coli, it's likely that these tests would focus on identifying strains that are no longer considered harmless or normal gut inhabitants. However, the specific diagnostic approaches for these cases are not explicitly mentioned in the provided context.

References: [3] - The clinical features of EIEC infection are similar to those of shigellae. Diagnosis is by stool culture and detection of EIEC pathogenicity genes by DNA [3]. [13] - This article is a concise summary of rapid diagnostic tests for infectious diseases currently available in the United States [13].

Treatment Options for Obsolete Commensal E. coli Infections

The treatment of obsolete commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections has become increasingly challenging due to the rise in antibiotic resistance. However, there are still some effective treatment options available.

• Old Antibiotics: Research has shown that old antibiotics such as colistin and fosfomycin can be effective in treating MDR bacterial infections [1][2]. Colistin is particularly crucial for managing infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, while fosfomycin acts by inhibiting UDP-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis.
• Glycycline Antibiotic: The glycycline antibiotic has been found to be highly active in vitro against E. coli, including MDR and ESBL isolates [3]. However, its low serum and urine concentrations may limit its effectiveness.
• Last Resort Antibiotics: In cases where other treatment options have failed, last resort antibiotics such as colistin may be considered. It's essential to note that the recent emergence of mobile-colistin-resistance (mcr) genes has made colistin less effective [4].

Important Considerations

When treating E. coli infections, it's crucial to consider the following:

• Antibiotic Resistance: The rise in antibiotic resistance makes treatment more challenging.
• Infection Control: Effective infection control measures are essential to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria.
• Patient-Specific Treatment: Treatment should be tailored to individual patient needs and circumstances.

References

[1] N Cassir. Successful treatment of MDR bacterial infections with old antibiotics. 2014.

[2] N Puvača. Colistin is crucial for managing infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. 2021.

[3] Glycycline antibiotic highly active in vitro against E. coli, including MDR and ESBL isolates. 2024.

[4] G Dalmasso. The plasmid-mediated resistance gene mcr-1 confers colistin resistance in Escherichia coli. 2023.

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Commensal Escherichia coli Infectious Disease

The differential diagnosis of obsolete commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) infectious disease involves identifying other conditions that may present with similar symptoms and characteristics. Based on the search results, here are some possible differential diagnoses:

• Coccidiosis: This is a parasitic infection caused by coccidia, which can cause similar gastrointestinal symptoms to E. coli infections [1].
• Enterotoxaemia: This is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium perfringens, which can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting in animals [3].
• Tyzzer's disease: This is a bacterial infection caused by Bacillus tyzzeri, which can cause similar symptoms to E. coli infections, including diarrhea and abdominal pain [1].
• Viral enteropathies: These are viral infections that can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting, which may be mistaken for E. coli infections [3].

It's worth noting that the differential diagnosis of obsolete commensal E. coli infectious disease is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. A definitive diagnosis can only be made through laboratory testing and clinical evaluation.

References:

[1] In older animals, differential diagnosis from coccidiosis, enterotoxaemia, Tyzzer's disease and viral enteropathies depends on gross and microscopic changes [1]. [3] Other differential diagnoses for acute colisepticemia include hypoxia or trauma during birth, simple hypothermia or hypoglycemia, septicemia caused by ... [3].