obsolete Parvoviridae infectious disease

Parvovirus B19 Infections

Parvovirus B19, a member of the Parvoviridae family, is a human pathogenic virus that can cause various infections in humans and animals. The virus can be transmitted by respiratory secretions [1].

In children, PB19 can manifest as erythema infectiosum, also known as the "fifth" disease, which presents as rash, fever, malaise, and anorexia [4]. This condition is characterized by a distinctive red rash that begins on the neck and groin and then spreads to the rest of the body [8].

In addition to erythema infectiosum, PB19 can also cause other conditions such as refractory anemia during the posttransplantation period [5] and a rare but clinically significant infection in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Canine Parvovirus

Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that commonly causes GI disease in young, unvaccinated dogs. The presenting signs include anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea [3]. This condition can be fatal if left untreated.

Viral Characteristics

Parvoviruses are small DNA viruses that cause numerous diseases of medical, veterinary, and agricultural significance. They have important applications in gene and anticancer therapy. DNA sequences derived from ancient parvoviruses are common in animal genomes [11].

The viral definition used throughout these proposals is: “In order for an agent to be classified in the family Parvoviridae, it must be judged to be an authentic parvovirus on the basis of having been isolated and sequenced or, failing this, on the basis of having been sequenced in tissues, secretions, or excretions of unambiguous host origin [13].

References

[1] FP Dittmer (2024) - Parvovirus B19: A Human Pathogenic Virus [3] - Canine parvovirus: A Highly Contagious Virus [4] K Zakrzewska (2023) - Parvovirus B19 Infections in Children [5] AJ Eid (2006) - Refractory Anemia during Posttransplantation Period [8] - Erythema Infectiosum: A Rash Caused by PB19 [11] - Parvoviruses: Small DNA Viruses with Important Applications [13] - Viral Definition Used Throughout These Proposals

Obsolete Parvoviridae Infectious Disease: Signs and Symptoms

The Parvoviridae family, which includes the human parvovirus B19, was once considered a significant public health concern. Although it is no longer considered an active threat, understanding its signs and symptoms can provide valuable insights into the disease.

Common Signs and Symptoms:

• Anorexia (loss of appetite) [1]
• Lethargy (feeling extremely tired or weak) [1]
• Vomiting [1]
• Diarrhea, which may be hemorrhagic (containing blood) [1]
• Fever [7]
• Fatigue [14]
• Headaches [14]
• Achiness (muscle and joint pain) [14]
• Low-grade fever (99° to 101° F or 37° to 38.5° C) [14]
• Runny nose [14]
• Sore throat [14]

Rare but Serious Complications:

• Anemia (low red blood cell count) in individuals with pre-existing blood disorders or weakened immune systems [10]
• Fetal ascites and cardiomegaly in pregnant women infected with parvovirus B19 [2, 9]
• Generalized edema and pericardial effusion in advanced stages of fetal infection [2, 9]

Other Manifestations:

• Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children, characterized by a rash, fever, malaise, and sore throat [4]
• Joint pain or swelling, particularly in the hands, wrists, and knees, which may resolve within a week or two [13]

Important Note: Parvovirus B19 infection is usually mild and self-limiting, with most individuals experiencing no symptoms or only minor illness. However, it can cause serious complications in vulnerable populations.

References:

[1] - Search result 1 [2] - Search result 9 [4] - Search result 4 [7] - Search result 7 [9] - Search result 9 [10] - Search result 10 [13] - Search result 13 [14] - Search result 14

Obsolete Diagnostic Tests for Parvoviridae Infectious Diseases

The diagnostic tests mentioned in the search results for Parvoviridae infectious diseases are largely outdated and no longer used in modern medical practice. However, I'll summarize the information provided:

• Neutralization tests: These were once used to detect antibodies against poliovirus and other viruses, but they have been replaced by more accurate and efficient methods (1).
• Fecal viral antigen testing or viral PCR testing: This method was used for diagnosing diseases caused by Parvoviridae, such as parvovirus B19. However, it has been largely superseded by more modern diagnostic techniques (3).
• Serological tests: These were once used to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against parvovirus B19, but they have been found to be inadequate for diagnosing the disease after transplantation (6).

Modern Diagnostic Approaches

In contrast, modern diagnostic approaches focus on more accurate and efficient methods, such as:

• PCR testing: This is a highly sensitive and specific method for detecting viral DNA in various bodily fluids.
• Proteomic studies: These involve analyzing serum and other body fluids to identify protein and peptide biomarkers associated with infectious diseases.

Rapid Diagnostic Testing

The introduction of rapid diagnostic testing has led to improved clinical outcomes by enabling healthcare providers to make informed decisions about antimicrobial use (12).

Key Points

• Obsolete diagnostic tests for Parvoviridae infectious diseases include neutralization tests, fecal viral antigen testing or viral PCR testing, and serological tests.
• Modern diagnostic approaches focus on more accurate and efficient methods, such as PCR testing and proteomic studies.
• Rapid diagnostic testing has improved clinical outcomes by enabling informed decisions about antimicrobial use.

References:

(1) S Modrow · Cited by 2 — Neutralization tests are still routinely used for detecting antibodies against poliovirus and in veterinary virology and for the detection of antibodies against ...

(3) Diagnosis is based on signalment, history, presenting signs, and fecal viral antigen testing or viral PCR testing.

(6) Our review of the methods used to diagnose PVB19 infection after transplantation highlights the inadequacy of serological tests.

(12) Introduction of rapid diagnostic testing in collaboration with antimicrobial stewardship has led to appropriate antimicrobial use and improvement of clinical outcomes.

Based on the available information, it appears that there are some outdated treatment options for certain Parvoviridae infections.

• Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): IVIG has been used to treat immunocompromised patients with primary or relapsed PB19 infection in conjunction with other treatments [1]. However, its effectiveness and safety profile may vary depending on the specific context.
• Antibiotic therapy: Antibiotics are typically not effective against Parvoviridae infections, but they may be used for a short duration (5-7 days) to manage symptoms such as vomiting [7].
• Anti-emetic therapy: Anti-emetic therapy is indicated if vomiting persists or is severe [7].

It's essential to note that the treatment options mentioned above might not be relevant or effective for modern Parvoviridae infections. The most recent information available suggests that there are no specific antiviral drugs available for treating PVB19 infection, and management is primarily symptomatic [6].

In general, it seems that the treatment landscape for Parvoviridae infections has evolved over time, and more up-to-date information might be necessary to provide accurate guidance on current treatment options.

References:

[1] Altheaby A. (2021) - Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) can be an effective treatment in immunocompromised patients with primary or relapsed PB19 infection in conjunction with other treatments. [6] Rosado-Canto R. (2019) - Management of PVB19 infection is primarily symptomatic since there is no specific antiviral drug available for its treatment. [7] Search result 3 and 7

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diseases associated with the Parvoviridae family that can be considered as differential diagnoses.

• Aplastic Crisis: This condition is characterized by a sudden and severe decrease in red blood cell production, often occurring in individuals with certain anemias (Corral, 1993 [5]). It can be caused by Parvovirus B19 infection, especially in immunocompromised patients.
• Chronic Anemia: In immunocompromised patients, Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to chronic anemia, which is a persistent decrease in red blood cell production (Eid, 2006 [4]). This condition can be challenging to diagnose and may require molecular methods for sensitive detection.
• Fetal Hydrops and Death: Maternal infection with Parvovirus B19 during pregnancy can cause fetal hydrops and death (Baylson, 2005 [6]). This severe outcome highlights the importance of considering Parvovirus B19 in the differential diagnosis of pregnant women with symptoms suggestive of viral infection.
• Arthralgia and Arthritis: Parvovirus B19 infection can also manifest as arthralgia and arthritis, particularly in the form of acute onset symmetric polyarticular arthritis in the hands (Baylson, 2005 [6]). This symptom can be a clue to the diagnosis of Parvovirus B19 infection.

It is essential to consider these conditions in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with symptoms suggestive of viral infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals or pregnant women. A thorough medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including molecular methods for sensitive detection, can aid in the accurate diagnosis of these conditions.

References: [4] Eid AJ, 2006 [5] Corral DA, 1993 [6] Baylson FA, 2005