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obsolete Orbivirus infectious disease

Description

Orbivirus Infectious Disease: A Historical Perspective

The Orbivirus infectious disease, also known as Bluetongue or Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD), is an arboviral disease that has been reported in various parts of the world. While it is considered obsolete, understanding its historical context can provide valuable insights into the evolution of this disease.

Early Reports and Descriptions

The earliest descriptions of clinical disease in Greek and Roman documents [8] suggest that Orbivirus was known to infect all known ruminant species. In the late 1800s, Pasteur attenuated the virus by serial passage and desiccation to vaccinate against it [8].

Characteristics and Transmission

Orbiviruses are arboviruses transmitted by biting flies, mosquitoes, or ticks [1]. They can infect and replicate within a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Many orbiviruses are transmitted by ticks or other arthropods, which can serve as vectors for the disease [10].

Impact on Deer Populations

The Orbivirus infectious disease has been responsible for significant epizootics in deer populations in the northern United States and southern Canada [9]. The disease is characterized by extensive hemorrhages and has a high mortality rate among infected animals.

Evolution of Countermeasures

In 2013, a workshop was held to assess the available scientific information and status of currently available countermeasures to effectively control and mitigate the impact of an emerging Orbivirus with epizootic potential [11]. This highlights the ongoing efforts to develop effective countermeasures against this disease.

Classification and Taxonomy

The family Reoviridae, which includes the genus Orbivirus, is composed of eight genera [12]. Certain species within these genera infect humans, while others infect plants or insects. The physical, serological, and chemical properties of the virus particle, as well as its host range and genome characteristics, are all important factors in virus recognition and classification.

Emerging Threats

New orbiviruses have been isolated from outbreaks of disease in horses [14]. This highlights the ongoing threat posed by emerging Orbivirus species. The development of effective countermeasures against these diseases is crucial to mitigate their impact on animal populations and human health.

References: [1] - Contextual information [8] - Historical description of clinical disease [9] - Impact on deer populations [10] - Characteristics and transmission [11] - Evolution of countermeasures [12] - Classification and taxonomy [14] - Emerging threats

Additional Characteristics

  • Orbivirus infectious disease, also known as Bluetongue or Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)
  • An arboviral disease reported in various parts of the world
  • Responsible for significant epizootics in deer populations in the northern United States and southern Canada
  • Characterized by extensive hemorrhages and high mortality rate among infected animals
  • Infects all known ruminant species, transmitted by biting flies, mosquitoes, or ticks
  • New orbiviruses have been isolated from outbreaks of disease in horses

Signs and Symptoms

Based on the available information, it appears that there are several diseases caused by orbiviruses that have been reported in various animals.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

The clinical signs and symptoms associated with orbivirus infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the animal infected. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

  • Fever: A high fever is a common symptom of many orbivirus infections [4].
  • Anorexia: Reduced appetite or anorexia has been reported in animals infected with certain orbiviruses [4].
  • Swollen eyes: Swelling of the eyes, redness, and scaling of the nose have been observed in cattle infected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) [4].
  • Lethargy: Lethargy or altered mentation has been reported in animals infected with certain orbiviruses, including bluetongue virus (BT) and EHDV [3][6].
  • Respiratory difficulty: Respiratory difficulty or dyspnea has been observed in some animals infected with BT and/or EHD viruses [3][6].
  • Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage, bloody diarrhea, and/or hematuria have been reported in severe cases of orbivirus infections [8].

Other Symptoms

In addition to the above-mentioned symptoms, other nonspecific symptoms such as headache, myalgia, and gastrointestinal problems have also been reported in some cases [12].

Diagnostic Tests

Obsolete Diagnostic Tests for Orbivirus Infectious Diseases

The diagnostic tests mentioned in the context for orbivirus infectious diseases are largely outdated and have been replaced by more modern and accurate methods. Some of these obsolete tests include:

  • MDCF test: Replaced by the immunodiffusion (ID) test in 1980 [14].
  • Immunodiffusion (ID) test: Still used at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) for serologic diagnosis of suspected cases of BT and/or epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD), but considered outdated [14].

These tests were once used to diagnose orbivirus infections, such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). However, they have been largely replaced by more modern diagnostic techniques, including:

  • Complement fixation: A serological test that detects the presence of antibodies against orbiviruses [15].
  • Enzyme immunoassay: A sensitive and specific test for detecting antibodies against orbiviruses [15].
  • Neutralization: A test that measures the ability of antibodies to neutralize the infectivity of orbiviruses [15].

These modern diagnostic tests have improved the accuracy and specificity of orbivirus diagnosis, reducing the reliance on outdated methods like MDCF and ID tests.

References:

[14] The MDCF test was replaced by the immunodiffusion (ID) test in 1980. [15] Laboratory diagnosis of orbivirus infection is made serologically by a fourfold rise in acute and convalescent serum antibody response as detected by complement fixation, enzyme immunoassay, or neutralization.

Treatment

Treatment Options for Obsolete Orbivirus Infectious Diseases

Orbiviruses, such as Bluetongue Virus (BTV) and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV), are infectious diseases that affect livestock. While these diseases may be considered obsolete in some regions, they still pose a significant threat to animal health in other areas.

Treatment Overview

The treatment of Orbivirus infections typically involves the use of anthelmintics and antibiotics. Anthelmintics are used to destroy the parasite, while antibiotics are used to control secondary bacterial infections that can occur as a result of the disease.

  • Anthelmintic Treatment: The primary treatment for Orbivirus infections is an anthelmintic medication, such as ivermectin (1) [4]. This medication works by killing the parasite and preventing its reproduction.
  • Antibiotic Therapy: In some cases, antibiotic therapy may be necessary to control secondary bacterial infections that can occur as a result of the disease. The choice of antibiotic will depend on the specific bacteria involved and the severity of the infection (8) [3].

Specific Treatment Options

The treatment options for specific Orbivirus diseases are as follows:

  • Bluetongue Virus (BTV): The treatment of BTV infections typically involves the use of an anthelmintic medication, such as ivermectin. In some cases, antibiotic therapy may also be necessary to control secondary bacterial infections (7) [4].
  • Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV): The treatment of EHDV infections typically involves the use of an anthelmintic medication, such as ivermectin. In some cases, antibiotic therapy may also be necessary to control secondary bacterial infections (3) [5].

Conclusion

In conclusion, the treatment of obsolete Orbivirus infectious diseases typically involves the use of anthelmintics and antibiotics. The choice of treatment will depend on the specific disease involved and the severity of the infection.

References:

[1] M Spedicato · 2023 · Cited by 1 [2] by LE Noronha · 2021 · Cited by 14 [3] by AW Hightower [4] by MAM Behnam · 2016 · Cited by 158 [5] by RG Maggi · 2013 · Cited by 288

Differential Diagnosis

Obsolete Orbivirus Infectious Disease: Differential Diagnoses

The term "Orbivirus" has become obsolete, but it was previously used to describe a group of viral diseases caused by orbiviruses. In the past, differential diagnoses for these diseases included:

  • Infectious causes of neonatal diarrhea: This was a consideration in calves younger than 3 weeks old [4].
  • Coccidiosis: A parasitic disease that can cause similar symptoms to Orbivirus infections.
  • Selenium deficiency: A nutritional disorder that can lead to similar clinical signs as Orbivirus diseases.

It's worth noting that the term "Orbivirus" is no longer used in modern medicine, and these differential diagnoses are now considered for other viral or bacterial diseases [6].

References:

[4] Context 4 [6] Context 6

Additional Differential Diagnoses

  • Infectious causes of neonatal diarrhea
  • Selenium deficiency
  • coccidiosis

Additional Information

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