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obsolete dyskinetic syndrome

Description

Dyskinesia: An Overview

Dyskinesia refers to involuntary movements in one or multiple parts of the body [12]. It can manifest as a result of various conditions, including neurological disorders and side effects of certain medications.

Types of Dyskinesia

There are several types of dyskinesia, including:

  • Tardive Dyskinesia: A condition characterized by persistent, abnormal, involuntary movements of the mouth, tongue, jaw, face, or other parts of the body [7]. It is often caused by long-term use of antipsychotic medications.
  • Dystonia: A movement disorder that involves sustained muscle contractions, leading to repetitive movements or postures [13].
  • Chorea: A condition characterized by brief, semi-directed movements that flow from one part of the body to another [5].

Causes and Risk Factors

Dyskinesia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

  • Medications: Long-term use of antipsychotic medications is a major risk factor for developing tardive dyskinesia [10].
  • Neurological Disorders: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and dystonia can also cause dyskinesia [12][13].

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of dyskinesia can vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Common symptoms include:

  • Involuntary Movements: Sudden, brief movements that may be repetitive or semi-directed.
  • Muscle Contractions: Sustained muscle contractions that lead to repetitive movements or postures.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies [13].

References

[7] by B Warren · 2022 · Cited by 4 — Tardive dyskinesia: Symptoms and impact. [10] Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological syndrome that involves involuntary (out of your control) movements. Taking antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications is the main cause of this condition. But other medications can cause it as well. [12] Dyskinesia is when one or multiple parts of the body make movements involuntarily. It’s often seen in people with Parkinson’s disease and can be a side effect of levodopa treatment. [13] Chapter 28 discusses dyskinetic movement disorders, including dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, tics, stereotypies and tardive dyskinesia, all of which can manifest at any point in the life cycle but may present as late-onset disorders.

Additional Characteristics

  • Involuntary movements in one or multiple parts of the body
  • Persistent, abnormal, involuntary movements of the mouth, tongue, jaw, face, or other parts of the body
  • Brief, semi-directed movements that flow from one part of the body to another
  • Sustained muscle contractions leading to repetitive movements or postures
  • Sudden, brief movements that may be repetitive or semi-directed

Signs and Symptoms

Obsolescence Note: The term "obsolete dyskinetic syndrome" is not a recognized medical condition in current literature. However, based on the provided context, it appears to be related to tardive dyskinesia, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements.

The signs and symptoms of what might be considered an "obsolete dyskinetic syndrome" (assuming it's a misnomer for tardive dyskinesia) include:

  • Facial movements: Grimacing, grinding the teeth or chewing repetitively, rapid blinking, smacking the lips, sticking out the tongue [4][6][7]
  • Tongue and lip movements: Tongue protrusion, lip puckering, pursing of the lips, lip smacking [4][6][7]
  • Eye movements: Excessive eye blinking, rapid, involuntary movements of the eyes [6]
  • Other symptoms: Frowning, tongue sticking out, lip smacking, puckering and pursing of the lips, rapid eye blinking [7]

It's essential to note that these symptoms can range from mild and barely noticeable to severe. In rare cases, tardive dyskinesia (the likely condition being referred to) can lead to impaired breathing.

Causes: The main cause of this condition is taking antipsychotic medications, which block dopamine receptors in the brain [10][11]

References:

[4] - What are the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia? [6] - Signs and symptoms [7] - Signs and Symptoms of Tardive Dyskinesia. [10] - Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological syndrome that involves involuntary movements. Taking antipsychotic medications is the main cause of this condition. [11] - Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD) include abnormal and repetitive body movements of the face, torso, arms, and legs. Medications used to treat mental health conditions, specifically ones that block dopamine receptors in the brain, can cause TD.

Diagnostic Tests

Treatment

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are referring to Tardive Dyskinesia (TD), a condition characterized by involuntary movements.

Current Drug Treatments for TD

According to recent studies and clinical trials, there are two FDA-approved agents for treating TD: valbenazine and deutetrabenazine. These vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors have been shown to be effective and tolerable in managing the symptoms of TD [1][2].

Additionally, dopamine-depleting agents and dopamine receptor blockers (e.g., antipsychotic medications) are also used to treat TD, although their effectiveness may vary depending on individual cases [6][7].

Other Treatment Options

Aripiprazole, a dopamine stabilizing atypical antipsychotic, has been used in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia caused by other neuroleptics. However, its exact impact on most aspects of motor performance is still being studied [8].

It's essential to note that each patient's response to these treatments may differ, and a healthcare provider will work with you to find the best treatment plan.

References

[1] JP McEvoy · 2019 - Clinicians now have 2 FDA-approved agents to consider in the treatment of TD. Both valbenazine and deutetrabenazine are effective and tolerable agents. [2] B Warren · 2022 - Based on evidence from well-controlled clinical trials, these vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors are now recommended as first-line therapies ... [6] Sep 27, 2022 - The primary pharmacological treatment for tardive dystonia is dopamine-depleting agents. Another option would be dopamine receptor blockers (ie antipsychotic ... [7] Aripiprazole, a dopamine stabilizing atypical antipsychotic is used in treatment of tardive dyskinesia caused by other neuroleptics. [8] by M Strassnig · 2018 - Moreover, with two novel treatments (valbenazine and deutetrabenazine) now available, their exact impact on most aspects of motor performance ...

Recommended Medications

  • deutetrabenazine
  • valbenazine
  • dopamine-depleting agents
  • dopamine receptor blockers
  • aripiprazole

💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.

Differential Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis of Tardive Dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a complex movement disorder that can be challenging to diagnose, as its symptoms may resemble those of other conditions. A differential diagnosis is essential to rule out other possible causes and ensure accurate treatment.

Similar Disorders:

  • Huntington's Disease: This neurodegenerative disorder shares similar motor symptoms with TD, including chorea and dystonia [4].
  • Wilson's Disease: Also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, this genetic disorder can cause dystonic movements that may be mistaken for TD [6].
  • Hallevorden-Spatz Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by dystonic movements, which can be similar to those seen in TD [6].

Other Conditions:

  • Acute Dystonia: This condition is characterized by sudden onset of dystonic movements, which may be mistaken for TD [5].
  • Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia: A rare genetic disorder that causes repetitive, twisting movements, similar to those seen in TD [6].

Key Diagnostic Features:

  • History of DRBA Exposure: Patients with TD often have a history of prolonged exposure to dopamine receptor-blocking agents (DRBAs) [5].
  • Duration of Exposure: The longer the duration of DRBA exposure, the higher the risk of developing TD [5].
  • Movement Phenomenology: The type and severity of movements can help differentiate TD from other conditions [5].

Differential Diagnosis Considerations:

  • Clinical Features: A thorough examination of the patient's symptoms is essential to rule out other possible causes.
  • Associated Conditions: Patients with TD may have associated medical conditions, such as Huntington's disease or Wilson's disease, which can aid in diagnosis.

By considering these factors and differential diagnoses, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose tardive dyskinesia and provide appropriate treatment.

Additional Information

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It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with questions about your medical condition.