phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction

Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a class of medical conditions where phagocytes have a diminished ability to fight bacterial infections [10]. This can lead to frequent recurring infections with the formation of granulomas, which are clusters of immune cells that attempt to contain and eliminate the infection.

Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by a diminished ability of phagocytes to kill ingested bacteria [5]. This can be due to various factors, including deficiencies in specific proteins involved in general cellular functions, such as intracellular trafficking [2].

The importance of phagocytes as immune cells was originally described by Metchnikoff in the late 1800s, and human diseases of phagocyte dysfunction were first reported in the 1950s [12]. Phagocyte-mediated clearance mechanisms position these cells as executioners eliminating bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Phagocyte dysfunctions can be caused by various factors, including acquired dysfunction due to underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus, renal or hepatic failure, alcoholism, autoimmune diseases, influenza, human immunodeficiency virus infection, burns, and trauma [15]. This can lead to a range of clinical symptoms, including recurrent infections with bacteria or fungi that react poorly with commonly prescribed antibiotics.

Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction is often diagnosed in infancy due to the severity of the infection or unusual presentation of the organism, but some cases may escape diagnosis until adulthood [11].

Symptoms and characteristics:

• Frequent recurring infections with bacteria or fungi
• Formation of granulomas (clusters of immune cells)
• Diminished ability of phagocytes to kill ingested bacteria
• Deficiencies in specific proteins involved in general cellular functions
• Acquired dysfunction due to underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus, renal or hepatic failure, alcoholism, autoimmune diseases, influenza, human immunodeficiency virus infection, burns, and trauma

References:

[1] Bellinati-Pires R, Salgado MM, Hypolito IP, Grumach AS, Carneiro-Sampaio MM J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 1995 Nov-Dec;5(6):337-42. [2] Phagocyte functional defects include leukocyte adhesion deficiencies, disorders of chemotaxis, microbicidal activity as well as deficiencies of specific antigen-recognition receptors. Deficiencies of many proteins involved in general cellular functions (e.g. intracellular trafficking) also lead to phagocyte dysfunction as part of a syndrome ... [3] Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas. [4] Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas. [5] Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by a diminished ability of phagocytes to fight bacterial infections. [6] Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas. [7] Phagocyte-mediated clearance mechanisms position these cells as executioners eliminating bacterial and fungal pathogens. [8] When patients suffer from recurrent infections with bacteria or fungi that react poorly with the commonly prescribed antibiotics, phagocyte dysfunctions should be considered. In this article, a survey is given of the mechanism of action of these cells, the dysfunctions that may occur, the resulting clinical symptoms, the laboratory diagnostics ... [9] phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction. The information provided on this page is for informational purposes only. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) does not endorse the information presented. The content has been gathered in partnership with the MONDO Disease Ontology. Please consult with a healthcare professional for medical ... [10] Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a class of medical conditions where phagocytes have a diminished ability to fight bacterial infections. [11] When patients suffer from recurrent infections with bacteria or fungi that react poorly with the commonly prescribed antibiotics, phagocyte dysfunctions should be considered. In this article, a survey is given of the mechanism of action of these cells, the dysfunctions that may occur, the resulting clinical symptoms, the laboratory diagnostics ... [12] The importance of phagocytes as immune cells originally described by Metchnikoff in the late 1800s is underscored by human diseases of phagocyte dysfunction first reported in the 1950s by Janeway Sr. and Good [6, 7] that led to recognition of ‘fatal granulomatous disease of childhood.’Phagocyte-mediated clearance mechanisms position these cells as executioners eliminating bacterial and ... [13] When patients suffer from recurrent infections with bacteria or fungi that react poorly with the commonly prescribed antibiotics, phagocyte dysfunctions should be considered. In this article, a survey is given of the mechanism of action of these cells, the dysfunctions that may occur, the resulting clinical symptoms, the laboratory diagnostics ... [14] phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction. The information provided on this page is for informational purposes only. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) does not endorse the information presented. The content has been gathered in partnership with the MONDO Disease Ontology. Please consult with a healthcare professional for medical ... [15] There is evidence that acquired dysfunction of neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages is an important cause of infection in patients with diabetes mellitus, renal or hepatic failure, alcoholism, autoimmune diseases, influenza or human immunodeficiency virus infection, burns, and trauma. Distinguisha …

Phagocytes play a crucial role in protecting the body against bacterial infections by engulfing and killing bacteria. However, when phagocytes have a bactericidal dysfunction, it can lead to severe consequences.

Common signs and symptoms:

• Severe pyogenic (pus-like) bacterial infections of the skin, respiratory tract, and internal organs [10]
• Frequent skin infections, such as abscesses and cellulitis [4]
• Recurrent bacterial sepsis, which is a life-threatening condition caused by bacteria in the blood [3]
• Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized by early onset of severe, recurrent bacterial and fungal infections [9]
• Nail and gingival issues, such as nail brittleness and gum inflammation [10]

Other complications:

• Growth failure due to chronic infections and malnutrition [11]
• Impaired wound healing, leading to scars with a "cigarette-paper" appearance [6]
• Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and sometimes abnormal narrowing in parts of the intestines [5]

Diagnosis and treatment:

• Diagnosis involves identifying the underlying cause of phagocyte dysfunction, such as genetic mutations or acquired conditions like HIV/AIDS.
• Treatment typically involves antibiotics to manage bacterial infections, as well as supportive care to address related complications.

It's essential to note that phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction can be caused by various factors, including genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and environmental exposures. If you suspect someone has this condition, it's crucial to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction, also known as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by a diminished ability of phagocytes to fight bacterial infections.

Diagnostic Tests:

Several diagnostic tests can help confirm the diagnosis of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction. These include:

• Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) test: This test measures the production of superoxides by phagocytes, which is essential for killing bacteria. However, this test has been largely replaced by more accurate tests such as the dihydrorhodamine123 (DHR) fluorescence assay [3][9].
• Dihydrorhodamine123 (DHR) fluorescence assay: This is a flow cytometric analysis that measures the production of hydrogen peroxide by phagocytes, which is another essential component for killing bacteria. This test is considered more accurate than the NBT test and is now widely used [3][9].
• Phagocytosis assays: These tests evaluate the ability of phagocytes to engulf and kill bacteria.
• Peripheral blood smear examination: This test can help identify abnormalities in the morphology of phagocytes, which may indicate dysfunction.

Other Tests:

In addition to these specific diagnostic tests, other evaluations may be performed to assess phagocyte function. These include:

• Motility testing: This evaluates the ability of phagocytes to move towards bacteria.
• Chemotaxis testing: This assesses the ability of phagocytes to migrate towards chemotactic factors.
• Adhesion testing: This evaluates the ability of phagocytes to adhere to surfaces.

Clinical Evaluation:

The diagnosis of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction is often based on clinical suspicion, supported by laboratory findings. The clinical presentation may include recurrent bacterial infections, growth failure, and other systemic symptoms [10].

References:

[3] - The most accurate test for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) measures hydrogen peroxide in phagocytes using a chemical called dihydrorhodamine. The test is called dihydrorhodamine reduction or DHR. [9] - Oct 11, 2024 — The standard assay for phagocytic oxidase activity is the NBT test, while the DHR test is now widely and commercially available and should be used instead. [10] - Most primary phagocyte disorders are diagnosed in infancy due to the severity of the infection or the unusual presentation of the organism, but some escape diagnosis until adulthood.

Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a condition where the body's phagocytic cells, which are responsible for killing bacteria and other foreign particles, are unable to perform their function properly.

Treatment Options

Several treatment options have been explored for phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction. Some of these include:

• Pioglitazone: A study published in 2015 found that pioglitazone, a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, was able to restore phagocyte mitochondrial oxidants and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus [4].
• Linezolid and Tigecycline: These bacteriostatic agents have been shown to be clinically non-inferior to bactericidals in multiple infections [6].
• Gentamicin and Penicillin G: A combination of these two antibiotics has a synergistic bactericidal effect against virtually all strains of Streptococcus faecalis [9].
• Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole: This antibiotic is generally active against the bacterial pathogens encountered in chronic granulomatous disease and has been shown to reduce the incidence of severe bacterial infections [11].

Other Treatment Approaches

In addition to these specific treatments, a treatment regimen developed for patients with AIDS involves initiating treatment with 1-2 weeks of intravenous antimicrobial therapy followed by 4 weeks of oral quinolone therapy. Long-term suppressive therapy with a quinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is also used in some cases [13].

It's worth noting that phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction can be a complex condition, and treatment may vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the disorder.

References:

[4] Pioglitazone restores phagocyte mitochondrial oxidants and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus [5] [6] Rapid identification of patients at risk for OPSI,26 followed by administration of intravenous antibiotics (usually vancomycin and ceftriaxone) combined with... [5] [9] Combination of gentamicin and penicillin G has a synergistic bactericidal effect against virtually all strains of Streptococcus faecalis and its... [10] [11] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is generally active against the bacterial pathogens encountered in chronic granulomatous disease. Its use has not been studied prospectively, but retrospective studies suggest that it reduces the incidence of severe bacterial infections (Liese et al. 2000; Margolis et al. 1990; Weening et al. 1983). Alternatives to... [12] [13] A treatment regimen developed for patients with AIDS is to initiate treatment with 1 to 2 weeks of intravenous antimicrobial therapy followed by 4 weeks of oral quinolone therapy . AIDS patients who relapse after 6 weeks of quinolone therapy are usually treated with long-term suppressive therapy with a quinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. [14]

Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a condition where the body's phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, are unable to effectively kill bacteria and other microorganisms. This can lead to recurrent infections with various types of bacteria and fungi.

Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction includes several conditions that affect the body's ability to fight off infections. These include:

• Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD): A genetic disorder characterized by an inability of phagocytes to produce bactericidal superoxide, leading to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections [6].
• Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD): A rare genetic disorder that affects the ability of white blood cells to adhere to and migrate through the endothelium, making it difficult for them to reach sites of infection [12].
• Neutrophil Dysfunction: A condition where neutrophils are unable to function properly, leading to recurrent bacterial infections [10].
• Chediak-Higashi Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to fight off infections, characterized by a combination of bleeding tendency and recurrent infections [13].

Clinical Features

The clinical features of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction include:

• Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections
• Infections with organisms that are typically contained by phagocytes
• Increased risk of infection with various types of bacteria and fungi
• Growth failure in some cases

Laboratory Diagnostics

The diagnosis of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction relies on a combination of clinical suspicion, laboratory tests, and genetic analyses. The most widely used method for evaluating neutrophil function is the nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test and its variations [9].

References

[6] Oct 11, 2024 — Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited disorder of phagocytic cells, results from an inability of phagocytes to produce bactericidal superoxide ...

[10] The most widely used method for evaluating neutrophil function is the nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test and its variations.

[12] Evaluating Suspected Phagocyte Dysfunction Syndromes When to suspect The clinical features of neutrophil dysfunction (including neutropenia) usually include recurrent bacterial and fungal infections of the skin, lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, and, in some cases, the periodontal tissue ( Table I ).

[13] A 1-year-old girl with fair skin and silvery hair is evaluated due to recurrent bacterial infections. She has a mild bleeding tendency and bruises easily.

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