plexopathy

What is Plexopathy?

Plexopathy refers to an injured or disordered condition of a plexus, specifically a nerve plexus [8]. A plexus is a network of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend down to various parts of the body. In the context of plexopathy, this network of nerves is affected, leading to symptoms such as pain, muscle weakness, and sensory deficits (numbness) [7][10].

Types of Plexopathy

There are two main types of plexopathy, based on the location of the symptoms:

• Brachial plexopathy: affects the arm, causing weakness, sensory loss, and loss of tendon reflexes in body regions innervated by nerves in the C5-T1 segmental distribution [12].
• Lumbosacral plexopathy: affects the leg, producing weakness, sensory loss, and reflex changes in the distribution of spinal segments L1-L4 [12].

Causes and Symptoms

Plexopathy can be caused by various factors, including trauma, neoplastic (cancerous) growths, radiation therapy, and other conditions. The symptoms of plexopathy typically include pain, muscle weakness, and sensory deficits (numbness), which may not correspond to a specific nerve root or peripheral nerve distribution [11].

Diagnosis and Treatment

The clinical diagnosis of plexopathy is confirmed by electrodiagnostic studies (EMG) and imaging tests such as MRI or CT. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include medication, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgical intervention [14].

References:

[7] - Symptoms include pain, muscle weakness, and sensory deficits (numbness). [8] - Definition of plexopathy. [10] - Types of plexopathy. [11] - Suspect a plexopathy if pain or peripheral neurologic deficits do not correspond to a nerve root or peripheral nerve distribution. [12] - Brachial plexopathy and lumbosacral plexopathy symptoms. [14] - Disclaimer: This generalized information is a limited summary of diagnosis, treatment, and/or medication information.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Plexopathy

Plexopathy, also known as brachial or lumbosacral plexus injury, can cause a range of symptoms depending on the severity and location of the injury. Here are some common signs and symptoms:

• Numbness or weakness: Numbness or weakness in the arm, hand, shoulder, or lower back area is a common symptom of plexopathy [4][8].
• Pain: Pain in the affected area, which can range from mild to severe, is another common symptom [5][9].
• Loss of sensation: Loss of sensation or feeling in the affected area can also occur [3][7].
• Paralysis: In some cases, plexopathy can cause paralysis in the arm or hand [2][8].
• Diminished muscle control: Diminished muscle control in the affected area can also be a symptom [2].

Symptoms by Location

The symptoms of plexopathy can vary depending on the location of the injury. For example:

• Brachial plexus injury: Symptoms can include numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the arm, hand, or shoulder [6].
• Lumbosacral plexopathy: Symptoms can include pain, numbness, or weakness in the lower back and pelvis area [9][11].

Other Symptoms

In addition to these common symptoms, other symptoms of plexopathy can include:

• Tingling or burning sensations: Tingling or burning sensations in the affected area can also occur [4].
• Abnormal sensations: Abnormal sensations such as pain or numbness that are not typical for the affected area can also be a symptom [7].

It's worth noting that these symptoms can vary depending on the individual and the severity of the injury. If you suspect you have plexopathy, it's essential to seek medical attention promptly.

Diagnostic Tests for Plexopathy

Plexopathy, also known as brachial or lumbosacral plexus injury, can be diagnosed using various tests to confirm the condition and identify its underlying cause.

• Imaging Tests: Imaging tests such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), CT scan, and myelography are used to evaluate the nerves of the affected plexus. These tests provide detailed images of the soft tissues inside the body, helping healthcare providers to visualize any damage or injury to the nerves.
• Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS): EMG and NCS are electrodiagnostic tests that measure the electrical activity of muscles and nerves. These tests can help confirm a plexopathy diagnosis, define its localization, and monitor muscle recovery.
  • EMG measures the electrical activity of muscles to detect any abnormalities in muscle function.
  • NCS evaluates the speed and strength of nerve signals to determine if there is any damage or injury to the nerves.
• Blood Tests: Blood tests may be ordered to rule out other conditions that could be causing symptoms similar to plexopathy. These tests can help identify underlying causes such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or metabolic imbalances.
• Physical Exam and History: A thorough physical examination and medical history are essential in diagnosing plexopathy. Healthcare providers will assess the patient's symptoms, perform a physical exam, and review their medical history to determine if they have any pre-existing conditions that could be contributing to the development of plexopathy.

References

• [3] The Roo test is performed with the patient’s arms in 90 degrees of abduction and external rotation and the shoulder and elbows in the frontal plane of the body.
• [4] Your doctor may recommend an MRI scan, which uses magnetic fields to take three-dimensional images of soft tissues inside the body.
• [6] Myelography, CT myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are indicated in the evaluation of brachial plexus.
• [7] Blood tests, electrodiagnostic studies, neuroimaging, serologic studies, and genetic testing may be used to confirm a plexopathy diagnosis.
• [10] Various diagnostic tests, including electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies, neuroimaging (including ultrasound, MRI, or PET), serologic studies, and genetic testing, may be used to confirm a plexopathy diagnosis.