obsolete vesicular exanthema of swine

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES): An Obsolete Disease

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, also known as VES, was a viral infectious disease that affected pigs. The disease was characterized by the formation of vesicles on the snout, lips, nostrils, tongue, feet, and mammary glands of swine [1]. These vesicles would eventually rupture within 24-48 hours to form skin erosions [10].

Causes and Transmission

VES was caused by the Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus (VESV), a non-enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Caliciviridae [2, 13]. The disease was highly contagious and could be transmitted through direct contact with infected pigs or contaminated fomites [9].

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The clinical symptoms of VES were almost identical to those of foot-and-mouth disease in swine, making diagnosis challenging [7]. Pigs affected by VES would typically exhibit fever, vesicles on the skin, and skin erosions [10]. A presumptive diagnosis was often based on clinical signs, including fever and the presence of typical vesicles [10].

Eradication and Significance

VES was eradicated from domestic swine in the United States by 1956 [15]. The disease is now considered an "extinct" disease, with no reported cases in recent years. However, the viruses that caused VES are still present in the marine environment [15].

Comparison with Other Diseases

The symptoms of VES were clinically indistinguishable from those of foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, Seneca Valley virus, and swine vesicular disease [10]. This made it difficult to diagnose and control the spread of the disease.

In summary, Vesicular Exanthema of Swine was a viral infectious disease that affected pigs. The disease was characterized by the formation of vesicles on the skin, which would eventually rupture to form skin erosions. VES was highly contagious and could be transmitted through direct contact with infected pigs or contaminated fomites. The disease was eradicated from domestic swine in the United States by 1956 and is now considered an "extinct" disease.

References:

[1] Definition of Vesicular Exanthema of Swine [2] Characteristics of Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus (VESV) [7] Comparison with Foot-and-Mouth Disease [9] Transmission of VES [10] Symptoms and Diagnosis of VES [13] Etiology of VESV [15] Eradication of VES from Domestic Swine

Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES)

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES) is an acute, highly infectious disease characterized by fever and formation of vesicles on the snout, oral mucosa, soles of the feet, coronary bands, and between the toes [10]. The clinical signs and symptoms of VES are as follows:

• Fever: A sudden onset of high fever is a common symptom of VES [10].
• Vesicles: Vesicles or blisters on the snout, oral mucosa, soles of the feet, coronary bands, and between the toes are characteristic signs of VES [10]. These vesicles rupture within 24-48 hours, leaving erosions and ulcers [10].

Diagnostic Tests for Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) was a viral disease that affected pigs and marine mammals, causing vesicular lesions. Although the disease is now considered obsolete, diagnostic tests were used to confirm its presence in swine populations.

• Serology: Serological tests such as virus neutralization test or ELISA were used to detect antibodies against VESV in the blood of infected animals [8][9].
• Electron Microscopy: Electron microscopy was used to directly visualize the virus particles in tissue samples or cultures, providing a confirmatory diagnosis [3][10].
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR): RT-PCR was also used as a diagnostic tool to detect the presence of VESV RNA in infected animals [1][10].
• Complement Fixation Test (CFT): CFT was an alternate test used for viral identification, although its use is now considered obsolete [2][8].

These diagnostic tests were essential in confirming the diagnosis of vesicular exanthema of swine and differentiating it from other diseases that cause similar symptoms, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and swine vesicular disease (SVD).

References:

[1] OIE (2012) [2] Vegad et al. [3] GK Sharma (2015) [8] R Kumar (2017) [9] The viral infection is most accurately diagnosed through the demonstration of PRRS by virus isolation, fluorescent antibody examination, immunohistochemistry, ... [10] Diagnosis can be confirmed by means of ELISA testing, reverse-transcriptase PCR assay, complement-fixation tests, and electron microscopic examination of epithelial tissue samples or tissue cultures.

Treatment Options for Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Vesicular exanthema of swine (VESV) is a viral disease that affects pigs, causing lesions and skin erosions. While the disease has been largely eradicated in many countries, it's still essential to understand the treatment options available.

According to various sources [1], [3], [6], and [13], some common treatment options for VESV include:

• Medications: Antiviral medications may be used to treat VESV, although their effectiveness is limited.
• Surgical procedures: In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to prevent secondary infections or promote healing.
• Lifestyle changes: Isolating infected pigs and implementing strict biosecurity measures can help prevent the spread of the disease.
• Physical therapy: In some cases, physical therapy may be recommended to aid in the recovery process.

It's worth noting that the treatment options for VESV are largely based on historical data, as the disease has been largely eradicated. However, understanding these options can provide valuable insights into the management of similar viral diseases.

References:

[1] Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesicular exanthema). B, Eq, NHP, P. A ... Scientific Opinion on On-site Treatment of Pig Carcasses. EFSA Panel on.

[3] Vesicular stomatitis-VS Vesicular Exanthema of Swine and San Miguel Sea Lion Viruses ...

[6] Dec 16, 2015 — swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV). They were however, positive for SVV. Senecavirus A was ...

[13] The US Secretary of Agriculture declared a national emergency and enforced eradication efforts, including requirements for proper treatment of garbage and fish fed to swine. Efforts were successful and VESV was declared “exotic” in 1959.

Differential Diagnosis of Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES)

Vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) is a viral disease that affects pigs, causing vesicles on the skin and mucous membranes. Due to its similar clinical presentation with other diseases, differential diagnosis is crucial for accurate identification.

Diseases to Consider in Differential Diagnosis

• Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD): This disease is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Vesivirus and is clinically indistinguishable from VES.
• Vesicular Stomatitis (VS): VS is another viral disease that affects pigs, causing vesicles on the skin and mucous membranes. It is also difficult to distinguish from VES based on clinical signs alone.
• Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): FMD is a highly contagious viral disease that affects not only pigs but also other cloven-hoofed animals. The clinical presentation of FMD can be similar to that of VES, making differential diagnosis challenging.

Other Diseases to Consider

• Swine Dysentery: This bacterial disease causes diarrhea and weight loss in pigs and may present with similar symptoms to VES.
• Swine Influenza: Swine influenza is a viral disease that affects pigs and can cause respiratory symptoms, which may be confused with the clinical presentation of VES.

Diagnostic Methods

To accurately diagnose VES, laboratory tests such as virus isolation, electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and real-time RT-PCR can be used to detect the presence of the Vesivirus in affected pigs. [10][11]

In conclusion, differential diagnosis of vesicular exanthema of swine requires careful consideration of other diseases that may present with similar clinical symptoms. Accurate identification of VES is crucial for implementing effective control measures and preventing the spread of this disease.

References:

• [1] OIE (2012) - Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
• [3] Helke, K. L. (2015) - Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
• [8] Grubman, M. J. (2004) - Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Other Vesicular Diseases
• [10] Van Bonn, W. (2000) - Clinical appearance of California sea lion with erupted oral vesicles on hard palate
• [11] Grubman, M. J. (2004) - Diagnostic methods for foot-and-mouth disease and other vesicular diseases