obsolete Pestivirus infectious disease

Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Pestivirus Infections

Pestivirus infections, caused by viruses such as Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), can manifest in various ways depending on the strain of virus and host species. Here are some common signs and symptoms:

• Respiratory Issues: Coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing are common respiratory problems associated with pestivirus infections.
• Gastrointestinal Problems: Diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are often seen in animals infected with pestivirus.
• Reproductive Disorders: Abortions, embryonic mortality, congenital defects, stillbirths, and perinatal mortality are significant reproductive issues caused by pestivirus infections.
• Neurological Issues: In some cases, pestivirus infections can lead to neurological problems such as tremors, seizures, and paralysis.

Specific Signs and Symptoms in Cattle

In cattle, the primary signs of pestivirus infection include:

• Fever
• Anorexia (loss of appetite)
• Oculonasal discharge
• Oral erosions (including on the hard palate)
• Diarrhea

Specific Signs and Symptoms in Pigs

In pigs, the primary signs of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection include:

• High fever
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Petechial hemorrhages or purple discoloration on the ears, abdomen, and inner thighs

Severity of Clinical Disease

The severity of clinical disease caused by pestivirus infections can vary significantly depending on factors such as virus strain, host species, and individual animal susceptibility. In some cases, animals may show mild symptoms, while in others, the disease can be severe and even life-threatening.

References:

• [1] Decaro, N. (2013). A calf persistently infected by Hobi-like pestivirus was monitored for about 6 months, displaying clinical signs typical of bovine viral diarrhea.
• [2] Decaro, N. (2013). So far, Hobi-like pestivirus has been associated with respiratory disease and reproductive disorders.
• [10] In conclusion, the symptoms and clinical manifestations of pestivirus infections vary by virus type and host species but generally include respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, and neurological issues.
• [11] Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a pestivirus infection affecting cattle and some other ruminant species. The name bovine viral diarrhea is misleading in that the disease does not specifically affect the digestive tract but rather has immune suppression as a hallmark sign.
• [14] The genus Pestivirus, encompassing small positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae, comprises four viruses of very significant economic impact to the cattle, swine and sheep industries worldwide.

Diagnostic Tests for Obsolete Pestivirus Infectious Diseases

Pestiviruses, a type of virus within the family Flaviviridae, have caused economically important diseases among domestic ruminants and pigs in the past. While some of these diseases are still relevant today, others have become obsolete due to advances in veterinary medicine and changes in animal husbandry practices.

Tests for Obsolete Pestivirus Diseases

Several diagnostic tests were used in the past to detect pestivirus infections in animals. Some of these tests include:

• Virus isolation: This test involves isolating the virus from a sample taken from an infected animal. While still used today, it is not the first choice for diagnosis due to its complexity and time-consuming nature [8].
• Electron microscopy: This test uses electron microscopes to visualize the virus particles in a sample. It was once considered a reliable method for diagnosing pestivirus infections but has largely been replaced by more modern techniques [8].
• Antigen ELISA: This test detects the presence of viral antigens in a sample using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). While still used today, it is not as sensitive or specific as some other diagnostic tests [8].

Relevance of Obsolete Pestivirus Diseases

While pestiviruses are still a concern for animal health and welfare, many of the diseases they cause have become less relevant due to advances in veterinary medicine and changes in animal husbandry practices. For example:

• Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV): This disease was once a major concern for cattle producers but has largely been controlled through vaccination programs [3].
• Classical swine fever virus (CSFV): This disease is still a significant threat to pig populations in some parts of the world, but its incidence has decreased significantly in recent years due to improved biosecurity measures and vaccination programs [4].

Conclusion

While diagnostic tests for obsolete pestivirus infectious diseases are still relevant today, they are largely used for research or historical purposes. Modern veterinary medicine has made significant progress in controlling these diseases, and new diagnostic tests have been developed to improve detection and diagnosis.

References:

[3] by N Decaro · 2013 · Cited by 47 — A calf persistently infected by Hobi-like pestivirus was monitored for about 6 months, displaying clinical signs typical of bovine viral diarrhea virus [1]. [4] by B Brito · 2024 · Cited by 11 — Virus isolation, electron microscopy or antigen ELISA are alternative methods for the direct detection of viruses, but not the first choice for diagnosing CSFV [8].

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several pestiviruses that have been identified as causing infectious diseases in various animals.

• Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): This is a pestivirus infection affecting cattle and some other ruminant species. The disease does not specifically affect the digestive tract but rather has immune suppression as a hallmark sign.
• Border Disease Virus (BDV): This virus also belongs to the genus Pestivirus and infects sheep, goats, and several species of cervids.

Regarding drug treatment for these pestiviruses, there are some mentions in the context:

• VP32947: This compound has been discussed as a potential antiviral agent against BVDV. The ability of virus in a BVDV population to survive VP32947 treatment was determined by infecting cells with 10^7 plaque-forming units of virus in the presence of varying concentrations of VP32947.
• Oxytetracycline hydrochloride: This antibiotic has been used as a treatment for pestivirus infections, specifically BVDV. It was administered at the dose of 11 mg/kg, p.o., q12h for 7 days.

However, it's worth noting that these treatments might not be considered "obsolete" in the context of modern veterinary medicine. The information provided suggests that there are ongoing efforts to develop new antiviral compounds and treatments for pestivirus infections.

If you're looking for more up-to-date or comprehensive information on drug treatment for pestiviruses, I recommend searching for recent scientific studies or consulting with a veterinarian or a medical professional in the field of veterinary medicine.

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Pestivirus Infectious Diseases

Pestiviruses are a group of viruses that can cause severe diseases in domestic and wild pigs, as well as other animals. However, with the advancement of veterinary medicine and the development of new diagnostic tools, some pestivirus infectious diseases have become obsolete or less prevalent.

Diseases that were once considered significant:

• Classical Swine Fever (CSF): A highly contagious viral disease caused by a member of the genus Pestivirus. It can cause severe clinical symptoms in domestic pigs and sometimes in wild boar.
• Mucosal Disease: A wasting disease caused by pestiviruses, which can lead to high fever, anorexia, and other systemic symptoms.

Differential diagnosis:

When diagnosing pestivirus infectious diseases, it's essential to consider the following differentials:

• Foot-and-mouth disease
• Contagious ecthyma
• Bovine viral diarrhea virus-mucosal disease
• Polyarthritis caused by Mycoplasma spp. (an important differential diagnosis for septic arthritis secondary to colisepticemia)

Key factors to consider:

When making a differential diagnosis, the following factors should be taken into account:

• Clinical symptoms: The severity and type of clinical symptoms presented by the animal.
• Geographic location: The region where the disease is suspected to have occurred.
• Laboratory results: The results of laboratory tests, such as PCR or serology.

References:

• [2] CSFV typically causes a severe clinical disease in domestic pigs and sometimes in wild boar. It can infect peccaries and warthogs, which usually develop an ...
• [9] Oct 22, 2024 — These PI animals can either develop normally with no clinical signs or suffer from mucosal disease, which causes high fever, anorexia, and ...
• [10] Since different pestiviruses are closely related, both immunologically and genetically, the ruminant’s pestivirus infections in swine can result into a false CSF diagnosis.
• [13] Monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for hog cholera virus (HCV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) or pestivirus were applied for the differential diagnosis of pestivirus infections in pigs.

Note: The references provided are based on the information available within the search results and may not be an exhaustive list.