kyphosis

What is Kyphosis?

Kyphosis is a spinal disorder characterized by an excessive forward curve of the spine, causing a hunchback or slouching posture [1]. This condition can lead to back pain and discomfort [1].

Definition and Types

Kyphosis is defined as a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray [4]. It can be classified into different types based on its location, such as:

• Thoracic kyphosis: A curving of the upper back (thoracic) area of the spine [6].
• Lumbar kyphosis: A curving of the lower back (lumbar) area of the spine.
• Scheuermann's kyphosis: A type of kyphosis that occurs in adolescents and young adults, characterized by a forward curvature of the upper back.

Causes and Symptoms

The exact cause of kyphosis is often unknown, but it can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors [3]. Symptoms may include:

• Back pain: Pain or discomfort in the back, which can range from mild to severe.
• Postural changes: A hunchback or slouching posture due to the forward curvature of the spine.
• Limited mobility: Reduced flexibility and mobility in the affected area.

References

[1] Context result 1: Kyphosis is an excessive forward curve of your spine. This condition can cause you to lean forward like you're hunching over. It might cause back pain and ... [2] Context result 2: Definition. Kyphosis is a curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back. This leads to a hunchback or slouching posture. [3] Context result 3: Kyphosis is a spinal disorder in which an excessive curve of the spine results in an abnormal rounding of the upper back. The condition is sometimes known ... [4] Context result 4: Kyphosis is defined as a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray, a diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams ... [5] Context result 5: Kyphosis is curvature of the spine that causes the top of the back to appear more rounded than normal. Everyone has some degree of curvature in their spine. [6] Context result 6: Kyphosis is the natural curve of the upper back (thoracic) area of the spine. In the extreme curves, the spine can appear to look like a “hunchback.”

Kyphosis is a condition characterized by an excessive forward rounding of the upper back, which can lead to various signs and symptoms. Here are some of the common indicators of kyphosis:

• Rounded upper back: The most noticeable sign of kyphosis is a visible curvature of the upper back, which can be subtle or pronounced depending on the severity of the condition.
• Back pain: Pain or stiffness in the back and shoulder blades is a common symptom of kyphosis, often caused by muscle strain or pressure on the spinal bones.
• Numbness or weakness in legs: In some cases, kyphosis can cause numbness, weakness, or tingling sensations in the legs due to compression of the nerves.
• Extreme fatigue: People with kyphosis may experience persistent fatigue, which can be a result of muscle strain and decreased mobility.
• Balance issues: Kyphosis can affect balance and posture, leading to difficulties with walking and standing.

According to [1], the main signs of kyphosis include a rounded, hunched back, which can sometimes be hard to see. Other symptoms may include tenderness and stiffness in the spine, fatigue, and difficulty breathing in severe cases [4].

In addition to these common symptoms, kyphosis can also cause other issues such as:

• Shortness of breath: In severe cases, kyphosis can lead to breathing difficulties due to compression of the lungs.
• Stiffness of the spine: The spinal bones may become stiff and inflexible, making it difficult to move or twist.
• Rounded shoulders: Kyphosis can cause the shoulders to appear rounded or hunched, which can be a visible sign of the condition.

It's essential to seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms, as kyphosis can lead to complications such as persistent pain and breathing difficulties [4].

References: [1] - What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Kyphosis? (Context 3) [2] - Symptoms of kyphosis · 1. Back pain · 2. Stiff back · 3. Rounded shoulders · 4. A visible hump · 5. Fatigue · 6. Tight hamstring muscles · 7. Walking and standing difficulties (Context 7) [4] - Complications. Complications of kyphosis usually only occur in more severe cases. They include: persistent pain; breathing difficulties caused by the spine compression (Context 4)

Diagnostic Tests for Kyphosis

Kyphosis, a condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine, can be diagnosed through various tests and examinations. Here are some of the diagnostic tests used to confirm kyphosis:

• X-ray: An X-ray is usually the first imaging test ordered to diagnose kyphosis. It can confirm the presence of a curved spine and determine the degree of curvature [1].
• Physical examination: A healthcare provider will perform a physical exam, including palpation (feeling with the hands) of the spine, to assess the curvature and look for any other signs or symptoms [11].
• Adam's Forward Bending Test: This test involves bending forward at the waist to reveal any thoracolumbar kyphosis [10].
• Imaging tests: Additional imaging tests such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may be ordered if complex treatment, such as surgery, is being planned or if there are additional symptoms suggesting nerve involvement [2].
• Bone density test: A bone density test can help determine the risk for compression fractures and whether low-density bones can be improved with medicines [1].

Additional tests

In some cases, further diagnostic procedures may be necessary to assess specific parts of the spine. These include:

• Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging: This test uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body [6].
• Laboratory workup: A complete blood count (CBC), coagulation studies, and routine chemical analyses may be ordered as part of the laboratory workup [8].

These diagnostic tests help healthcare providers confirm kyphosis and determine its severity. The specific tests used may vary depending on individual circumstances.

References: [1] - Context result 1 [2] - Context result 2 [6] - Context result 6 [8] - Context result 8 [10] - Context result 10 [11] - Context result 11

Medicines for Kyphosis Treatment

Kyphosis treatment may include pain relievers, which can be available over-the-counter or by prescription. For mild cases, medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB), and naproxen sodium (Aleve) can help alleviate back pain.

• Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium can be used to manage mild kyphosis-related pain.
• Prescription Pain Medicines: For more severe cases, stronger pain medicines available by prescription may be necessary.

Other Treatment Options

In addition to medications, other treatment options for kyphosis include:

• Physical Therapy: Exercises can strengthen abdominal and back muscles to relieve pain and improve posture. This can also stretch tight hamstrings and strengthen other areas of the body.
• Vertebroplasty: A minimally invasive procedure that uses plastic cement to hold broken vertebrae together, stabilizing the spine and reducing pain.

When Medications Are Not Enough

While medications can provide relief for some people, they may not be enough for others. In such cases, more comprehensive treatment plans involving physical therapy, exercise, or other interventions may be necessary.

References:

• [1] Treatment. Kyphosis treatment depends on the cause and seriousness of your condition.
• [3] Treatment of Kyphosis. Other than possible pain, kyphosis — except for the congenital variety — rarely produces harmful effects on the important organs and structures inside the body.
• [6] Vertebroplasty: This treatment, similar to kyphoplasty, also uses plastic cement to hold broken vertebrae together to stabilize the spine and reduce pain.
• [7] Virtually all kyphosis treatment plans will include some form of physical therapy.

Differential Diagnosis of Kyphosis

Kyphosis, a spinal condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, can be caused by various factors. When diagnosing kyphosis, it's essential to consider several differential diagnoses to determine the underlying cause.

• Vertebral compression fractures: These are common in older adults and can lead to kyphosis due to the collapse of vertebral bodies.
• Infection: Spinal infections, such as tuberculosis or osteomyelitis, can cause kyphosis by destroying the vertebrae and surrounding tissue.
• Tumor: Primary or metastatic tumors can compress or destroy the spine, leading to kyphosis.
• Scheuermann's disease: A condition characterized by anterior wedging of greater than or equal to 5 degrees in 3 or more adjacent vertebral bodies, Scheuermann's disease is a common cause of kyphosis in adolescents and adults.
• Metabolic conditions: Poor bone quality due to metabolic disorders can lead to kyphosis.
• Neuromuscular conditions: Conditions such as muscular dystrophy or spinal muscular atrophy can weaken the muscles and lead to kyphosis.

Important Considerations

When diagnosing kyphosis, it's crucial to differentiate Scheuermann's disease from curved dorsum or postural kyphosis. This requires a thorough evaluation of the patient's history, physical examination, and radiographic findings.

• Radiographic findings: X-rays are essential in confirming the diagnosis of kyphosis and ruling out other conditions.
• Clinical decision support: Point-of-care clinical decision support tools can aid healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing kyphosis.

References

• [3] Kyphosis is an excessive forward rounding of the upper back. In older people, kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes ...
• [10] Kyphosis is defined as an increase in the forward curvature of the spine that is seen along the sagittal plane, whereas lordosis is an increase in the backward curvature seen along the sagittal plane.
• [11] The differential diagnosis for structural kyphosis includes vertebral compression fractures, infection, or tumor, and these must all be ruled out.
• [12] Scheuermann kyphosis, also known as Scheuermann disease, juvenile kyphosis, or juvenile discogenic disease, is a condition of hyperkyphosis that involves the vertebral bodies and discs of the spine identified by anterior wedging of greater than or equal to 5 degrees in 3 or more adjacent vertebral bodies.
• [13] Normal thoracic kyphosis is a normal rounding of the upper back of 20 to 45 degrees.