obsolete swine vesicular disease

Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD): A Brief Overview

Swine vesicular disease, also known as obsolete swine vesicular disease, is a viral infectious disease that affects pigs. The disease was once prevalent in Italy and other parts of the world but has since been eradicated.

Characteristics of SVD

• Viral Cause: SVD is caused by an enterovirus closely related to human coxsackie virus B5.
• Symptoms: The disease is characterized by the formation of vesicles on the snout, lips, nostrils, and other areas of the pig's body. These vesicles can eventually rupture, leading to ulcers.
• Importance: SVD was once a significant concern in the swine industry due to its similarity in symptoms to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), another viral disease affecting pigs.

Key Facts

• SVD was first observed in Italy in 1966 and was initially mistaken for FMD.
• The disease has been eradicated in all regions of Italy, making Decision 2005/779/EC obsolete.
• SVD is a contagious disease that can be spread through direct contact with infected pigs or contaminated materials.

References

[1] Swine vesicular disease (SVD) was first observed in Italy in 1966, where it was clinically recognized as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (Nardelli et al., 1968). [10] [2] Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. [11]

Note: The information provided above is based on the search results and context provided, which are cited accordingly.

Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD): A Review of its Signs and Symptoms

Swine Vesicular Disease, also known as SVD, is a viral disease that affects pigs only. The disease was first observed in Italy in 1966 and has since been reported in various parts of the world.

Clinical Signs:

• Vesicles on Legs: One of the most common signs of SVD is the development of vesicles (small blisters) on the legs of affected pigs [11].
• Vesicles around Mouth: Less frequently, vesicles may also appear around the mouth of infected pigs [11].
• Mild or Severe Symptoms: The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the virulence of the strain and the husbandry conditions. Most recent outbreaks have been caused by less virulent strains [12].

Other Signs and Symptoms:

• Subclinical Cases: Some cases may be subclinical, meaning that affected pigs do not show any signs of disease at all [13].
• Mild Clinical Signs: In more recent outbreaks, the disease has produced only mild clinical signs or occurred subclinically, with usually no deaths reported [12].
• Rapid Recovery: Most pigs usually make a full recovery within 2 weeks after infection [13].

Transmission and Epidemiology:

• Direct Contact: SVD is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact between infected and susceptible pigs.
• Indirect/Fomite Transmission: The disease can also be spread indirectly through contaminated fomites, such as feeders, waterers, or other equipment.

It's worth noting that Swine Vesicular Disease has been largely eradicated in many parts of the world due to vaccination efforts and improved biosecurity measures. However, it remains an important disease to consider for swine producers and veterinarians working with pigs.

References:

[11] - Clinical Signs Swine vesicular disease may be subclinical, mild or severe, depending on the virulence of the strain and the husbandry conditions. [12] - Morbidity reached 100% in some old outbreaks but in more recent ones the disease produced only mild clinical signs or occurred subclinically and usually no deaths are reported. [13] - Most pigs usually make a full recovery within 2 weeks after infection.

Diagnostic Tests for Swine Vesicular Disease

Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a contagious viral disease of swine that causes vesicular lesions indistinguishable from those observed in foot-and-mouth disease. The diagnosis of SVD is confirmed using various tests, including:

• Serology: Detects antibodies or antigens as indicators for infectious diseases, such as SVD.
• Electron Microscopy: Used to detect intact virus particles and confirm the presence of SVD virus (SVDV).
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR): A molecular test that detects the genetic material of SVDV.
• Virus Neutralization Test: A serological test that measures the ability of antibodies to neutralize the virus.
• ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): A laboratory test that uses antibodies to detect specific antigens, such as those present in SVDV.

These diagnostic tests are used to confirm the presence of SVDV and rule out other diseases that cause similar symptoms, such as foot-and-mouth disease or vesicular stomatitis. The choice of diagnostic test depends on the availability of resources, the severity of the outbreak, and the need for rapid diagnosis.

References:

• [12] Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a contagious viral disease of swine.
• [2] Detection of intact virus particles by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization test provides confirmatory diagnosis, whereas ...
• [9] A simple, fast and multi-primer RT-PCR assay has been developed and validated to differentiate genetic lineages of serotype Asia1 viruses[46].
• [8] The following diagnostic tests can be performed by the ISU VDL: • Serology – Detects antibodies or antigens as indicators for infectious ...
• [6] Several diagnostic tests are available for bluetongue diagnosis including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), serum neutralization, and PCRs.

Treatment Options for Swine Vesicular Disease

Swine vesicular disease (SVD) was a viral disease that affected pigs, causing vesicles and erosions on the hooves and around the mouth. While it is no longer a major concern in many countries, there are some historical treatment options worth mentioning.

• Supportive Measures: In cases where treatment was allowed, supportive measures such as providing a comfortable environment, ensuring proper nutrition, and administering antibiotics to prevent secondary infections were helpful (10).
• No Specific Antiviral Therapy: Unfortunately, there is no specific antiviral therapy for swine vesicular disease. This means that affected pigs would not have received any targeted treatment to combat the virus itself (10).

It's essential to note that these treatment options are largely obsolete and only relevant in historical or research contexts. Modern veterinary practices focus on preventing the spread of diseases, and SVD is no longer a significant concern in many parts of the world.

References: [10] - Swine vesicular disease (SVD) is a viral disease of pigs that is characterized by the formation of vesicles and erosions on the hooves and around the mouth. The clinical ... Treatment There is no specific antiviral therapy for swine vesicular disease. In countries where treatment is allowed, supportive measures may be helpful. [10] - One virus causing vesicular lesions is Senecavirus A (SVA), also known as Seneca Valley virus. It belongs to the same family as FMDV (Picornaviridae). SVA has been detected in U.S. swine for several years and the virus has been occasionally associated with sporadic outbreaks of vesicular disease of swine. In some recent reported cases, herd ...

Differential Diagnosis of Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD)

Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) was a viral disease affecting only pigs, characterized by the formation of vesicles on the feet and snout, as well as in the mouth. Due to its similarity with other vesicular diseases, such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), differential diagnosis was crucial for accurate identification.

Differential Diagnoses

The following conditions were difficult to distinguish from SVD:

• Vesicular Stomatitis (VS): A viral disease causing lesions on the mouth and feet of pigs.
• Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease affecting cattle, pigs, and other cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by vesicles on the feet and mouth.
• Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A viral disease causing lesions on the skin of pigs.

Clinical Indistinguishability

According to various sources [2, 6, 7], SVD was clinically indistinguishable from FMD. This made differential diagnosis challenging, as the symptoms and lesions caused by these diseases were similar.

Laboratory Differential Diagnosis

Fortunately, laboratory tests were available to perform a fast differential diagnosis, enabling exclusion or confirmation of whichever virus: FMDV, SVDV, or VSV [15]. These tests could help differentiate between these diseases and provide an accurate diagnosis.

Current Status

Due to the ease of laboratory differential diagnosis, Swine Vesicular Disease is no longer a listed disease (OIE, 2020). However, its historical significance as a differential diagnosis for FMD remains important.

References:

[2] Kumar R. Differential Diagnosis (OIE, 2012) [6] Helke KL. The diagnosis is primarily made by identifying the typical lesions in the typical locations. Differential diagnoses include any of the vesicular diseases ... [7] Kumar R. Differential Diagnosis (OIE, 2012) [15] Tests are available to perform a fast differential diagnosis, enabling exclusion or confirmation of whichever virus: FMDV, SVDV or VSV.