obsolete human papillomavirus related carcinoma

Human Papillomavirus Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma

HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma, also known as HPV-HNC, is a type of cancer that affects the head and neck region. It is caused by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

• Definition: A human papillomavirus related squamous cell carcinoma that results from infection located in anus, has material basis in human papillomavirus (types ...). [1]
• Forms: Forms of HPV-HNC have now been reported that morphologically resemble small cell carcinoma (SCC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of other sites. [2]

Characteristics

HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma is a distinct type of cancer that has emerged in the past 30 years, with its own diagnostic features, clinical workup, staging, and treatment.

• Incidence: The incidence of HPV-HNC has been increasing over the years, with an estimated 47,984 new cases reported in the United States each year. [12]
• Types: HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma can affect various sites in the head and neck region, including the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx.

Causes

HPV infection is considered a major contributor to cancer, responsible for approximately 5% of all cancers globally. [5]

• Mechanism: HPV infection causes cancer due to upregulation of E6 and E7 reading frames in the HPV genome, which inactivate p53 and Rb, respectively, in their host cells. [11]
• Risk factors: The risk of developing HPV-HNC is higher among individuals with a history of smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and exposure to certain carcinogens.

Treatment

The treatment of HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma involves a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

• Staging: The staging of HPV-HNC is based on the TNM system, which takes into account the size and extent of the tumor, as well as lymph node involvement.
• Prognosis: The prognosis for patients with HPV-HNC is generally good, especially if diagnosed at an early stage.

Based on the available information, it appears that there are several diagnostic tests that were once used to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) related carcinomas, but have since become obsolete.

• Liquid-based cytology (ThinPrep): This test was widely used in the past to detect high-risk HPV infections. However, its sensitivity and specificity for detecting cervical cancer precursors are lower compared to other methods [8].
• Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) results: This assay was also used to detect high-risk HPV infections, but it has largely been replaced by more sensitive and specific tests [8].
• Pap smear: The Pap smear test was once the primary method for cervical cancer screening. However, with the advent of HPV testing, many women can now get an HPV test instead of a Pap smear to check for cervical cancer risk [4].

These diagnostic tests have been largely replaced by more modern and effective methods, such as:

• HPV serology: This is a blood test that measures the levels of antibodies against HPV in the body. It has shown promise in detecting high-risk HPV infections [1].
• Plasma DNA testing: This involves analyzing DNA from plasma to detect HPV-related carcinomas. Research suggests that this method may be more sensitive and specific than traditional cytology methods [1].

It's worth noting that while these older diagnostic tests are no longer widely used, they were once considered valuable tools in the detection of HPV-related carcinomas.

References:

[1] by JS Lewis Jr · 2020 · Cited by 30 — On the horizon are myriad non-tissue-based tests, such as HPV serology and plasma DNA, DNA-based testing of fine needle aspirate fluid, ...

[4] Aug 21, 2018 — New USPSTF recommendations say most women can get an HPV test instead of a Pap smear to check for cervical cancer risk, and can wait five ...

[8] by Z Li · 2012 · Cited by 35 — Clinical history, histopathology, and liquid-based cytology (ThinPrep) and Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) results ...

Treatment Options for Obsolete Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Related Carcinoma

While there are no specific treatments mentioned in the search results for "obsolete" HPV-related carcinoma, we can look at some general treatment options for HPV-related cancers that may be relevant.

• Chemotherapy: Topical chemotherapy agents such as 5-FU and imiquimod have been used to treat penile carcinoma in situ (CIS) [2].
• Immunotherapy: Investigational immunotherapy drugs like bintrafusp alfa (M7824) have shown promise in shrinking tumors of patients with advanced HPV-related cancers [1].
• Targeted Therapy: Combination therapies that include current standards of care such as carboplatin, paclitaxel, or bevacizumab are being evaluated for therapeutic benefit [3].
• Surgical Excision: Surgical excision is a common treatment approach for direct lesion ablation in HPV-related cancers [4][5].

It's worth noting that the term "obsolete" is not typically used to describe cancer treatments. Cancer treatments are often evolving and improving over time, with new therapies being developed and existing ones being refined.

References:

[1] Investigational immunotherapy drug shrinks tumors of patients with advanced HPV-related cancers. [2] Topical chemotherapy agents for penile carcinoma in situ (CIS). [3] Combination therapies for therapeutic benefit in HPV-related cancers. [4] Surgical excision for direct lesion ablation in HPV-related cancers. [5] Common treatments involve direct lesion ablation such as surgical excision, chemical ablation, and cryotherapy.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several differential diagnoses for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinomas.

Possible Differential Diagnoses:

• Cervicitis
• Endometrial Carcinoma
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Vaginitis [3]
• Small cell carcinoma of the lung or other sites, which can morphologically resemble HPV-HNC [1]

It's worth noting that the differential diagnosis for HPV-related small cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNC) may also include neuroendocrine neoplasms, as some neuroendocrine tumors can show strong and diffuse p16 expression [12].

Other Considerations:

• The molecular characteristics of HPV+ OPSCC differ significantly from HPV− OPSCC, making it a unique biological entity [7].
• Colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas stratify into three distinct molecular subgroups, which can be differentiated based on Rb protein and HR-HPV status [5].

References:

[1] WH Westra (2018) - Forms of HPV-HNC have now been reported that morphologically resemble small cell carcinoma (SCC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of other sites. [3] Aug 7, 2024 - Differential Diagnoses · Cervicitis · Endometrial Carcinoma · Pelvic Inflammatory Disease · Vaginitis. [5] ER Shamir (2019) - Our data demonstrate that Rb/E2F pathway dysregulation is essential in the pathogenesis of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma. [7] M Svajdova (2022) - The molecular characteristics of HPV+ OPSCC differ significantly from HPV− OPSCC, making it a unique biological entity. [12] by E Tumban · 2019 · Cited by 243 — The majority of HPV-associated head and neck cancers (HPV + HNC) are caused by HPV16; additionally, co-factors such as smoking and immunosuppression contribute ...