obsolete contagious pleuropneumonia

Obsolete Contagious Pleuropneumonia: A Historical Disease

Obsolete contagious pleuropneumonia, also known as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), is a highly infectious disease that affects cattle, buffalo, zebu, and yaks. It was once a significant scourge worldwide but has now been largely eradicated in many countries.

Causes and Symptoms

The disease is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides small colony type (M. mycoides SC). The symptoms of CBPP include:

• Fever
• Anorexia (loss of appetite)
• Pneumonia and pleuritis (inflammation of the lung membranes)

Geographical Distribution

CBPP is primarily present in sub-Saharan Africa, with countries such as Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, and Angola having the highest prevalence. There have been recent unofficial reports suggesting its presence in the Punjab region of Pakistan.

Historical Significance

CBPP was once a major disease affecting cattle worldwide, but thanks to concerted efforts at eradication, it has now been largely controlled. The disease is listed as an OIE reportable disease, indicating its historical significance and the need for continued vigilance.

References:

• [15] describes contagious pleuropneumonia as a mycoplasmal pneumonia that is highly contagious and usually associated with pleurisy of cattle, goats, and sheep.
• [10] provides information on the clinical signs and geographical distribution of CBPP.
• [14] discusses the historical significance of CBPP and its current status in sub-Saharan Africa.

Note: The term "obsolete" in the context of this disease refers to its reduced prevalence and control measures that have been implemented to prevent its spread.

Obsolete Contagious Pleuropneumonia Signs and Symptoms

Contagious pleuropneumonia, a highly infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma species, has been reported in various animal populations. Although the disease is considered obsolete, it's essential to understand its historical signs and symptoms.

• Peracute form: Death can occur within 1-3 days [1][2].
• Chronic form: Characterized by intermittent cough and nasal discharge, progressive debilitation, and emaciation [3].
• Subacute cases: Lung lesions are more localized, and infrequent coughing may be the only clinical sign [4].
• Acute severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia: Severe respiratory signs, fever, anorexia, and lethargy [5][6].
• Pleuritis and pulmonary abscessation: Immune complexes formed in the lungs can lead to inflammation and abscesses [7].

In addition to these symptoms, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been reported to cause:

• Respiratory signs: Dyspnea, nasal discharge, cough, and fever [8][9].
• Anorexia and lethargy: Animals may show a decrease in appetite and become less active [10].

It's worth noting that contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) has similar clinical signs to CCPP, including severe dyspnea, nasal discharge, cough, and fever [11][12].

Obsolete Diagnostic Tests for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a bacterial disease that affects cattle, and diagnostic tests have been developed to detect it. However, some of these tests are now considered obsolete due to advancements in technology or changes in the understanding of the disease.

• Complement Fixation Test (CFT): This test was once used to diagnose CBPP, but it has largely been replaced by more sensitive and specific tests [10]. CFT is a serological test that detects antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC.
• Competition ELISA: This test is another serological method that was used to diagnose CBPP, but it has also been largely replaced by more modern techniques [10].
• Latex Agglutination Test (BoviLat): This test was discontinued due to its high cost and limited sensitivity [11].

Reasons for Obsolescence

These diagnostic tests have become obsolete due to several reasons:

• Advancements in technology: Newer molecular diagnostic techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been developed and are now considered the gold standard for diagnosing CBPP [13].
• Changes in understanding of the disease: As our understanding of CBPP has evolved, so too have the diagnostic tests. For example, antigen detection tests may be useful in confirmatory diagnosis, particularly when good enough diagnostic samples are available [14].

Conclusion

While these obsolete diagnostic tests were once used to diagnose contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, they are no longer considered reliable or effective methods for detecting this disease. Instead, more modern and sensitive techniques should be employed to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management of CBPP.

References: [10] Oct 19, 2023 — Kits for serological diagnosis are available that can only be interpreted at herd level: complement fixation test (CFT) and competition ELISA ( ... [11] Jun 6, 2023 — The meeting was informed that a latex agglutination test. (BoviLat) was discontinued, since it was too expensive, eliciting discussion on ... [13] by OW Stringer · 2022 · Cited by 7 — The current gold standard molecular diagnostic technique is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), typically targeting the species-specific ApxIV ... [14] by WA Geering · 2002 · Cited by 12 — There are several antigen detection tests that may be useful in the confirmatory diagnosis, particularly in circumstances where good enough diagnostic samples.

Treatment Options for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a respiratory disease of cattle that was once prevalent in many parts of the world. While it is still listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health, its incidence has declined significantly due to improved vaccination and control measures.

Historical Treatment Options

In the past, treatment options for CBPP were limited and often ineffective. However, with advancements in veterinary medicine, several antibiotics have been used to treat this disease:

• Tylosin: This macrolide antibiotic was commonly used to treat CBPP (1). The recommended dosage is 10 mg/kg, administered intramuscularly every 12 hours for six injections.
• Danofloxacin: This fluoroquinolone antibiotic has also been used to treat CBPP (2). The recommended dosage is 2.5% (2.5 mg/kg/day) for three consecutive days.

Other Treatment Options

In addition to these antibiotics, other treatment options have been explored:

• Ceftiofur: This cephalosporin antibiotic has been used to treat CBPP in some cases (4).
• Tilmicosin: This macrolide antibiotic has also been used to treat CBPP (4).

Importance of Proper Treatment

It is essential to note that treatment should only be administered in endemic areas, as the organisms may not be eliminated, and carriers may develop (2). Additionally, proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent the spread of this disease.

References:

(1) Robin A J et al. Treatment of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Vet Rec. 2012 Nov 17;171(20):510-1.

(2) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is a reportable disease listed by the OIE as one of 15 "A list" diseases.

(4) Pleuropneumonia is a severe and contagious respiratory disease, primarily of young pigs (≤6 months old), although in an initial outbreak, adults also may be affected.

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Contagious Pleuropneumonia

Contagious caprine and bovine pleuropneumonia (CCPP and CBPP) are severe contagious respiratory diseases affecting mainly goats and cattle, respectively. However, with the eradication of these diseases in many countries, their differential diagnosis becomes less relevant.

Principal Differential Diagnoses

The principal differential diagnoses for obsolete contagious pleuropneumonia include other bacterial pneumonias, such as:

• Acute pasteurellosis: A highly infectious and contagious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida, which can present similar clinical manifestations to CCPP and CBPP.
• Hemorrhagic septicemia: A severe and often fatal disease caused by Pasteurella multocida, which can also mimic the symptoms of CCPP and CBPP.

Other Differential Diagnoses

Other differential diagnoses for obsolete contagious pleuropneumonia include:

• Pneumonic pasteurellosis: A highly infectious and contagious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida, which can present with similar clinical manifestations to CCPP and CBPP.
• Bacterial pneumonia: Other bacterial infections, such as those caused by Mannheimia haemolytica or Histophilus somni, can also be considered in the differential diagnosis of obsolete contagious pleuropneumonia.

Importance of Differential Diagnosis

While CCPP and CBPP are no longer major concerns in many countries, their differential diagnosis remains important for veterinarians to rule out other diseases that could present similar clinical manifestations. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and control of these diseases.

References:

• [1] SS Nielsen (2022) - Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a severe contagious respiratory disease affecting mainly goats, possibly sheep and some species of ...
• [11] Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an infectious and contagious respiratory disease of cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm).
• [13] Differential Diagnosis ..... 1-6 Reporting Criteria ..... 1-7 Environmental Persistence of CBPP ... Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is the most threatening infectious disease of cattle in Africa since rinderpest was eliminated.
• [14] DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 13 DIAGNOSIS 15 Laboratory confirmation 15 Samples required for laboratory testing 15 ... "Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (lungsickness) – A guide to recognition and action", produced by Dr A.A. Majok and Dr L. Tyler (both formerly) of the