head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC): A Comprehensive Overview

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells lining the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck region, such as the mouth, throat, and nasal cavity [5]. This cancer develops from the abnormal growth and proliferation of these cells, which can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to other parts of the body.

Characteristics and Locations

HNSCC is characterized by its tendency to occur in various locations within the head and neck region, including:

• Nasal cavity
• Sinuses
• Lips
• Mouth (oral cavity)
• Salivary glands
• Throat (pharynx)
• Larynx (voice box)

Symptoms

The symptoms of HNSCC may include a lump in the neck or a sore in the mouth or throat that does not heal and may be painful [6]. Other possible symptoms include difficulty swallowing, ear pain, or changes in voice.

Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact causes of HNSCC are still being researched, certain risk factors have been identified, including:

• Tobacco use
• Alcohol consumption
• Exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., asbestos)
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Treatment Options

The treatment for HNSCC typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The goal is to remove the tumor, prevent its spread, and alleviate symptoms.

References:

[5] Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells lining the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck region, such as the mouth, throat, and nasal cavity. [6] The symptoms of HNSCC may include a lump in the neck or a sore in the mouth or throat that does not heal and may be painful.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of cancer that affects the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and throat. The symptoms of HNSCC can vary depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Here are some common signs and symptoms:

• Mouth Sores: A sore or ulcer in the mouth that does not heal within a few days [6][10]
• Red or White Patch: A red or white patch on the gums, tongue, or cheek lining [6][10]
• Swelling or Lump: A swelling or lump in the neck, throat, or mouth [7][8][10]
• Sore Throat: A sore throat that does not go away [8][10]
• Ear Pain: Ear pain or difficulty hearing [8][10]
• Weight Loss: Unintended weight loss [10]
• Voice Changes: A change in voice, such as hoarseness or a raspy tone [8][10]

It's essential to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, and only a medical professional can determine the cause of these symptoms. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is crucial to consult with a doctor for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

References:

• [6] A mouth sore that bleeds easily or does not heal within a few days
• [7] A lump in the neck, throat pain, changes to eating, speaking and hearing, weight loss, or mouth ulcers can be symptoms of head and neck cancer.
• [8] Head and neck cancer symptoms · A change in voice · A lump in the neck · A sore throat that does not go away · Ear pain · Headache · Painful or difficulty swallowing.
• [10] Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Common symptoms for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck include: A persistent sore throat ; Pain or difficulty swallowing; Weight loss; Voice changes; Earache; A lump in the throat or mouth; A mass or lump in the neck; For HPV positive squamous cell carcinoma, individuals will ...

Diagnostic Tests for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of cancer that affects the mouth, throat, nose, sinuses, and other areas of the head and neck. Diagnostic tests are essential to confirm the presence of this disease.

• Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing a sample of tissue from the suspicious area for examination under a microscope. This test can usually be performed during a short office visit, and the results are often provided within a few days [9].
• Imaging Tests: Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans may be ordered to create detailed images of the head and neck area. These tests help identify the location and extent of the cancer [7][8].
• Complete Blood Count (CBC): A CBC test measures the number of red and white blood cells, as well as platelets in the blood. This test is often included in the diagnostic workup for HNSCC [5].
• Flexible Endoscopy: Flexible endoscopy involves using a flexible tube with a camera to visually examine the inside of the mouth, throat, and other areas of the head and neck.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: A PET scan uses small amounts of radioactive material to create images of the body's metabolic activity. This test can help identify cancer cells in the body [3].
• Cytology: Cytology involves examining cells from a suspicious area under a microscope to check for abnormal cell growth.

These diagnostic tests are essential to confirm the presence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and determine the best course of treatment.

References: [1] Penn Ear, Nose and Throat and the Abramson Cancer Center offer the latest advancements in diagnostic testing for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. [3] The workup for SCCUP consists of a thorough medical history, complete head and neck examination including flexible endoscopy, and diagnostic imaging. Cytology and positron emission tomography (PET ... [5] Squamous cell carcinoma blood tests typically include a complete blood count (CBC), which looks at the number of red and white blood cells and platelets. [7] After diagnosing a head and neck cancer, doctors may order a CT or MRI scan. In a CT scan, X-rays are taken from different angles to create detailed images of the body's internal structures. [8] A diagnosis can be obtained through a biopsy. This test can usually be performed during a short office visit, and the results are often provided within a few days [9]. [9] A diagnosis can be obtained through a biopsy. This test can usually be performed during a short office visit, and the results are often provided within a few days.

Treatment Options for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of cancer that affects the mucosal lining of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. While surgery and radiation therapy are common treatment options, drug treatment has also emerged as an effective approach.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves using medications to kill cancer cells. In HNSCC, chemotherapy is often used in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy. However, the effectiveness of chemotherapy in HNSCC has been limited, with only 15-19% of patients experiencing a significant response [11].

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy involves using medications to stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells. In HNSCC, immunotherapies such as pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA) and nivolumab (OPDIVO) have shown promise in treating patients with recurrent or metastatic disease [9][15]. These medications work by blocking the activity of proteins called PD-1, which can prevent the immune system from attacking cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy involves using medications to specifically target cancer cells. In HNSCC, targeted therapies such as cetuximab have been shown to be effective in treating patients with recurrent or metastatic disease [12].

Current Standards of Care

The current standards of care for HNSCC include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. However, the use of immunotherapy and targeted therapy is becoming increasingly common, particularly in patients with recurrent or metastatic disease.

References:

• [11] The paradigm shift in the treatment for recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with the incorporation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD1) with or without chemotherapy initially in the platinum-refractory setting and subsequently in frontline R/M disease led to an improvement in survival.
• [9] OPDIVO® (nivolumab) is an FDA-approved immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
• [15] Safety and clinical activity of pembrolizumab for treatment of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-012): an open-label, multicentre ...
• [12] INTRODUCTION. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with 700,000 cases diagnosed per year.