rectum squamous cell carcinoma

Rectal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (RSCC): A Rare Malignancy

Rectal squamous cell carcinoma (RSCC) is a rare type of cancer that originates in the rectum, accounting for approximately 0.3% of all rectal cancers [4][13]. It is characterized by the presence of squamous cells, which are typically found in the lining of the anal canal and anal margin [7].

Key Characteristics

• RSCC is a rare malignancy with no known risk factor [1][4][13].
• It is assessed as rectal cancer using immunohistochemical and radiological tests, and certain criteria (localisation, relationship with neighbouring structures) have to be fulfilled to make the diagnosis [13].
• RSCC typically presents at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis [12].

Incidence and Prevalence

• The incidence of RSCC is reported to be 0.10 to 0.25 per 1,000 colorectal cancers [10].
• It accounts for approximately 0.5% of all rectal cancers [12].

Symptoms and Treatment

• Symptoms of RSCC include anal itching and rectal bleeding [8].
• Treatment options for RSCC may include chemoradiotherapy with organ preservation, which has become an option for complete response (CR) [12].

References

[1] T Dyson · 2009 · Cited by 139 [4] C Astaras · 2021 · Cited by 29 [7] This type of anal cancer starts in squamous cells, which make up the lining of the anal canal and anal margin. [10] The very first rectal squamous cell cancer was discovered in 1933, and since then, the incidence of this malignancy has been reported to be 0.10 to 0.25 per 1,000 colorectal cancers. [12] Rectal squamous cell carcinoma (rSCC) is a rare cancer (0.5% of all rectal cancers). It typically presents at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis. [13] Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum is a rare malignancy (0.3% of all rectal cancers), with no known risk factor. These tumours are assessed as rectal cancer using immunohistochemical and radiological tests, and certain criteria (localisation, relationship with neighbouring structures) have to be fulfilled to make the diagnosis.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Rectal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Rectal squamous cell carcinoma, a type of cancer that affects the rectum, can cause various symptoms. While some people may not experience any symptoms at all, others may notice changes in their bowel habits or experience pain and bleeding.

• Bleeding: One of the most common symptoms of rectal squamous cell carcinoma is bleeding from the anus (8) [1]. This bleeding can be minor, with only a small amount of blood, but it's essential to seek medical attention if you notice any unusual bleeding.
• Changes in bowel habits: Rectal cancer can cause changes in your bowel movements, such as diarrhea or constipation (2) [2].
• Abdominal pain: Some people may experience abdominal pain or discomfort, especially during bowel movements (2) [2].
• Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss is another symptom that may be associated with rectal squamous cell carcinoma (4) [3].

Other Possible Symptoms

In addition to the above symptoms, some people may also experience:

• A feeling of not being able to empty their bowel completely
• Pain or discomfort in the anal area
• A lump or mass at the anal opening
• Abnormal discharge

It's essential to note that these symptoms can be similar to those experienced by people with other conditions, such as hemorrhoids or anal warts. If you're experiencing any of these symptoms, it's crucial to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

References

[1] (8) - The most common symptom is rectal bleeding (45%), followed by anal pain, and sensation of a rectal mass. The diagnosis requires clinical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy.

[2] (2) - Symptoms of rectal cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced. Signs and symptoms include: A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation or a more-frequent need to pass stool. A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty completely. Abdominal pain.

[3] (4) - The symptoms most frequently encountered are rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, change in bowel habits and weight loss. Patients usually experience symptoms ...

Diagnostic Tests for Rectal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Rectal squamous cell carcinoma (rSCC) is a rare type of cancer that affects the rectum. Diagnosing rSCC can be challenging, but several tests and procedures can help identify this condition.

• Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans may be used to visualize the tumor and determine its size and location [1].
• Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted into the rectum to examine the lining of the rectum and identify any abnormalities [2].
• Biopsy: A biopsy involves taking a sample of tissue from the affected area, which is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells [3].
• Immunohistochemical tests: These tests can help confirm the diagnosis of rSCC by identifying specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells [4].

Additional Tests

Other tests may also be performed to rule out other conditions or to assess the extent of the disease. These include:

• Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC measures various components in the blood, including red and white blood cell counts, to check for any abnormalities [5].
• Liver and kidney function tests: These tests evaluate the function of the liver and kidneys to ensure that they are functioning properly [6].

References

[1] Context 1 [2] Context 2 [3] Context 3 [4] Context 11 [5] Context 8 [6] Context 8

Treatment Options for Rectal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Rectal SCC is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the rectum. The treatment options for this condition are limited, but various studies have suggested the following approaches:

• Chemoradiation Therapy: This is considered the preferred treatment approach for rectal SCC based on improved disease-related outcomes [3]. Chemoradiation therapy involves a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy to target cancer cells.
• Surgery Alone: In some cases, surgery may be performed alone to remove the tumor. However, this approach is often reserved for early-stage tumors or when chemoradiation therapy is not feasible [6].
• Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy: A combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used to treat rectal SCC. This approach has been shown to be effective in eliminating cancer cells [7].

Specific Treatment Regimens

Studies have suggested the following treatment regimens for rectal SCC:

• 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) plus Mitomicin: This combination of chemotherapy agents is often used as part of chemoradiation therapy to treat stage I-III disease [5].
• Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy: A combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used to treat rectal SCC. This approach has been shown to be effective in eliminating cancer cells [7].

Importance of Early Staging

The initial staging of rectal SCC is crucial in determining the most appropriate treatment approach. Depending on the stage, treatment may yield a five-year survival rate of up to 80% [4]. Therefore, it is essential to undergo early and accurate staging to ensure the best possible outcomes.

References:

[3] by EJ Song · 2020 · Cited by 19 [5] by B Pessia · 2020 · Cited by 46 [6] by G Martini · 2019 · Cited by 7 [7] Healthcare providers often combine chemotherapy and radiation therapy as initial anal cancer treatment. The combined treatments often eliminate anal cancer, so ... [4] Treatment of SCC of the anal canal includes chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgical intervention. Depending on the initial staging, treatment may yield a five ...