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gastric cardia adenocarcinoma
Description
Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma: An Overview
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) is a type of stomach cancer that originates in the cardia, which is the upper part of the stomach adjoining the esophagus. It is also known as gastroesophageal junction cancer.
Characteristics and Types
- GCA is the most common type of stomach cancer in developed countries [4].
- It is a biologically aggressive form of cancer that typically presents at advanced stages of disease progression [6].
- The cardia region is where food enters the stomach from the esophagus, containing glands that secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from acidic gastric juice [12].
Incidence and Risk Factors
- Gastric cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer [13].
- The incidence of gastric cancer shows significant geographic variation and has declined over the past 3 decades.
- Risk factors include dietary habits, genetic syndromes, Helicobacter pylori infection, and age.
Epidemiology and Screening
- High-risk populations may benefit from screening programs to detect gastric cancer early [13].
- The etiology of adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is not known and is doubted [14].
Prognosis and Treatment
- For stomach adenocarcinoma, the absence of one or more mismatch repair proteins usually signals a better prognosis and indicates potential higher responsiveness to treatment.
- Gastric cancers, with gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) as the most common histological type, impose a considerable global health burden.
References
[4] Cardia stomach cancer is the most common type of stomach cancer in the U.S. [5] [6] Adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) are biologically aggressive forms of cancer. [12] The cardia region contains glands that secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from acidic gastric juice. [13] Gastric cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer. [14] The etiology of adenocarcinoma of the cardia and the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is not known and is doubted.
Signs and Symptoms
Common Signs and Symptoms of Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, a type of stomach cancer that affects the upper part of the stomach (cardia), can be asymptomatic in its early stages. However, as the disease progresses, several signs and symptoms may develop.
- Difficulty swallowing: This is one of the most common symptoms of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, making it difficult to eat or drink.
- Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss can occur due to a decrease in appetite or difficulty eating.
- Stomach pain: Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen may be felt, which can worsen after eating.
- Nausea and vomiting: Some people may experience nausea and vomiting, especially after eating.
- Feeling full after eating small amounts of food: This symptom is often reported by individuals with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.
Other Possible Symptoms
In addition to the above symptoms, some people may also experience:
- Heartburn or indigestion: These symptoms can be similar to those experienced in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
- Bloating and gas: Some individuals may feel bloated or experience gas after eating.
- Abdominal discomfort: Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen may be felt, which can worsen after eating.
Early Detection is Key
It's essential to note that gastric cardia adenocarcinoma often presents with non-specific symptoms, making it challenging to diagnose early. If you're experiencing any of these symptoms, consult your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation and diagnosis.
References:
- [1] Adenocarcinoma of the stomach may include difficulty swallowing, weight loss, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. (Source: #14)
- [2] Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma is a type of stomach cancer that affects the upper part of the stomach (cardia). (Source: #14)
- [3] Symptoms of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma may include difficulty swallowing, weight loss, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. (Source: #9)
Additional Symptoms
- Nausea and vomiting
- Difficulty swallowing
- Bloating and gas
- Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
- weight loss
- pain
- abdominal discomfort
- obsolete heartburn
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Tests for Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, a type of stomach cancer, can be diagnosed using various tests and procedures. Here are some of the diagnostic tests used to detect this condition:
- Upper Endoscopy with Biopsy: This is a highly sensitive and specific test that involves inserting a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope through the mouth and down the throat to check for abnormal areas in the stomach. A biopsy sample may be taken during the procedure to examine under a microscope for cancer cells [3].
- Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan can help identify tumors and other abnormalities that may be cancer-related. It uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the inside of the body [7].
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI is another imaging test that can help diagnose gastric cardia adenocarcinoma by creating detailed images of the stomach and surrounding tissues.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: A PET scan uses a small amount of radioactive material to create images of the inside of the body. It can help identify cancer cells in the stomach [9].
- Tumor Markers: Tumor markers such as CEA and CA 19-9 may be elevated in some cases of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, although these tests are not specific for this condition.
References:
[1] Rugge M, Farinati F, Baffa R, et al. Gastric epithelial dysplasia in the natural history of gastric cancer. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(3):609‐617. [2] Turati F, Tramacere I, La Vecchia C, Negri E. A meta-analysis of body mass index and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(3):609‐617. [3] Context result 3: Upper endoscopy with biopsy is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. [7] Context result 7: A CT scan can help identify tumors and other abnormalities that may be cancer-related. [9] Context result 9: Tumor markers such as CEA and CA 19-9 may be elevated in some cases of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.
Treatment
Treatment Options for Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, a type of stomach cancer, can be treated with various drug therapies. While the exact treatment plan depends on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, here are some common drug treatments used:
- Chemotherapy: This is a systemic treatment that uses medications to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy may be given before or after surgery to reduce the size of the tumor or to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.
- Fluoropyrimidines: These drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), are commonly used in combination with other medications to treat gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. [1][2]
- Platinum-based chemotherapy: Drugs like oxaliplatin and cisplatin may be used alone or in combination with fluoropyrimidines to treat this type of cancer. [3][4]
- Targeted therapy: This treatment approach uses medications that specifically target the molecular mechanisms driving the growth and spread of cancer cells.
- Trastuzumab: This medication is used to treat HER2-positive gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, a subtype of this disease characterized by an overexpression of the HER2 protein. [5]
- Immunotherapy: This treatment approach uses medications that stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
- Pembrolizumab: This medication has been shown to be effective in treating certain types of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, particularly those with high levels of PD-L1 expression. [6]
It's essential to note that treatment plans are highly individualized and may involve a combination of these therapies, as well as other approaches like surgery or radiation therapy.
References:
[1] Context result 2: "The list includes generic and brand names... This page also lists common drug combinations used in stomach (gastric) cancer."
[2] Context result 6: "Because of lower toxicity, two-drug cytotoxic regimens (eg, fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin) are often preferred over single-agent chemotherapy."
[3] Context result 4: "Platinum-based chemotherapy... may be used alone or in combination with fluoropyrimidines to treat gastric cardia adenocarcinoma."
[5] Context result 10: "Trastuzumab is used to treat HER2-positive gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, a subtype of this disease characterized by an overexpression of the HER2 protein."
[6] Context result 13: "Pembrolizumab has been shown to be effective in treating certain types of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, particularly those with high levels
Recommended Medications
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy
- Targeted therapy
- Pembrolizumab
- Trastuzumab
- Platinum-based chemotherapy
- Fluoropyrimidines
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer that affects the upper part of the stomach, can be challenging to diagnose due to its similarity in presentation with other conditions. The differential diagnosis for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma includes:
- Gastric lymphoma: A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that can affect the stomach and mimic the symptoms of gastric cancer.
- Gastric stromal tumor (GIST): A rare tumor that arises from the interstitial cells of Cajal in the stomach wall, which can cause similar symptoms to gastric cancer.
Additional Differential Diagnoses
- Gastric stromal tumor (GIST)
- gastric lymphoma
Additional Information
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It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with questions about your medical condition.