ICD-10: F90

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), classified under ICD-10 code F90, encompasses a range of behavioral symptoms that significantly impact an individual's functioning. This classification is part of the broader category of mental and behavioral disorders, specifically focusing on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders.

Clinical Description of F90: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders

Definition and Overview

ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. The symptoms typically manifest in early childhood and can continue into adolescence and adulthood. The disorder is categorized into three primary presentations based on the predominant symptoms:

1. Predominantly Inattentive Presentation (F90.0): This presentation is marked by significant difficulties in sustaining attention, following through on tasks, and organizing activities. Individuals may appear forgetful, easily distracted, and may struggle to listen when spoken to directly.

2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation (F90.1): This type is characterized by excessive fidgeting, difficulty remaining seated, and impulsive behaviors such as interrupting others or difficulty waiting for one’s turn.

3. Combined Presentation (F90.2): This presentation includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, reflecting a more complex clinical picture.

Diagnostic Criteria

According to the ICD-10, the diagnosis of ADHD requires that symptoms be present for at least six months and be inconsistent with the developmental level of the individual. The symptoms must also cause significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Prevalence and Onset

ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children, with a prevalence rate estimated between 5% to 7% globally. Symptoms typically appear before the age of 12, although they can be diagnosed later if the symptoms are persistent and impairing.

Comorbidities

ADHD often coexists with other disorders, including:
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- Conduct Disorder (CD)
- Learning Disabilities
- Anxiety Disorders
- Mood Disorders

These comorbid conditions can complicate the clinical picture and require comprehensive assessment and management strategies.

Treatment Approaches

Management of ADHD typically involves a multimodal approach, including:

• Behavioral Interventions: These may include parent training, classroom modifications, and behavioral therapy aimed at improving organizational skills and self-regulation.
• Pharmacotherapy: Stimulant medications (e.g., methylphenidate and amphetamines) are commonly prescribed and have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms. Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, may also be used, particularly in cases where stimulants are not effective or cause adverse effects.
• Psychoeducation: Educating patients and families about ADHD can help in understanding the disorder and improving coping strategies.

Conclusion

ICD-10 code F90 encompasses a spectrum of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders that significantly affect individuals' daily functioning. Understanding the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options is crucial for effective management. Early diagnosis and intervention can lead to better outcomes, helping individuals with ADHD lead productive and fulfilling lives.