obsolete tracheobronchial tuberculosis

Obsolete Tracheobronchial Tuberculosis: A Rare and Forgotten Disease

Tracheobronchial tuberculosis, also known as tracheobronchial TB, is a rare and obsolete form of pulmonary tuberculosis that affects the trachea and bronchi. This disease was once considered a significant public health concern, particularly in the early 20th century.

Characteristics and Symptoms

• Tracheobronchial TB involves inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, which can lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
• The disease can also cause chest pain, fever, and fatigue.
• In severe cases, tracheobronchial TB can lead to complications such as respiratory failure and death.

Risk Factors

• Malnutrition
• Tobacco smoking
• Chronic alcohol intake
• Diabetes mellitus
• Overcrowding

Diagnosis

• Tracheobronchial TB is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as chest X-rays or CT scans), and biopsy.
• A transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) can be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment and Prognosis

• Treatment for tracheobronchial TB involves antibiotics and other medications to combat the infection.
• In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as respiratory failure.
• The prognosis for tracheobronchial TB is generally poor, with a high mortality rate if left untreated.

References

• [10] A pulmonary tuberculosis involving inflammation of trachea and bronchi.
• [11] Risk factors include: malnutrition, tobacco smoking, chronic alcohol intake, diabetes mellitus, overcrowding, ...
• [12] Further biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis.
• [15] The healed pulmonary and tracheobronchial granulomas have always seemed intuitively appealing candidates as the home of latent organisms.

Note: Tracheobronchial tuberculosis is a rare and obsolete disease, and its description here is based on historical medical literature. Modern medicine has largely moved away from this diagnosis, and it is no longer considered a significant public health concern.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are no direct results related to "obsolete tracheobronchial tuberculosis". However, I can provide information on the signs and symptoms of tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB), which may be relevant.

Tracheobronchial tuberculosis is a rare form of pulmonary tuberculosis that affects the trachea and bronchi. The clinical manifestations of TBTB are similar to those of TB, but with some distinct features [3]. Some common signs and symptoms include:

• Cough: Most patients eventually develop cough, which may initially be nonproductive but eventually becomes productive of yellow or yellow-green sputum [3].
• Prolonged cough with mucus: A prolonged cough with mucus is a nonspecific symptom that can be associated with TBTB [1].
• Pleuritic chest pain: Pleuritic chest pain, which is pain in the chest that worsens when taking deep breaths, may also occur [1].
• Hemoptysis: Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, is a possible symptom of TBTB [1].

It's worth noting that these symptoms can be nonspecific and similar to those found in other respiratory conditions. A definitive diagnosis of TBTB typically requires bronchoscopic biopsy and histopathological examination [6].

References:

[1] by L Luies · 2020 · Cited by 108 — The clinical symptoms of pulmonary TB develop slowly and are nonspecific.

[3] Jan 10, 2024 — Most patients eventually develop cough. Cough may initially be nonproductive, but eventually is productive of yellow or yellow-green sputum.

[6] by X Lu · Cited by 29 — Bronchoscopic biopsy is the primary means of diagnosing TBA.

Diagnostic Tests for Obsolete Tracheobronchial Tuberculosis

Obtaining an accurate diagnosis for tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TB) can be challenging, especially in cases where the disease is considered obsolete. However, various diagnostic tests can help healthcare professionals confirm or rule out TB.

• Bronchoscopy and Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL): This procedure involves inserting a flexible tube through the mouth or nose to visualize the airways and collect samples from the lungs for analysis [3]. BAL is particularly useful in diagnosing tracheobronchial TB, as it allows for the collection of cells and fluids from the lung's surface.
• Bronchial Washings: This test involves collecting a sample from the bronchi using a bronchoscope. The sample can be analyzed for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) [3].
• Post-Bronchoscopic Biopsy: After performing a bronchoscopy, a biopsy can be taken to examine tissue samples under a microscope for signs of TB infection [4].
• Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) Smear: This test involves examining sputum or other respiratory secretions for the presence of AFB, which are characteristic of MTB infections [7].

While these tests can aid in diagnosing tracheobronchial TB, it's essential to consider the patient's overall clinical presentation and response to treatment when making a diagnosis.

References:

[3] Jan 10, 2024 — If bronchoscopy is performed, three samples should ideally be sent for analysis: bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bronchial washings, and post-...

[4] by X Lu · Cited by 29 — Bronchoscopic biopsy is the primary means of diagnosing TBA. A variety of bronchoscopic interventions have good short-term effects on TBA.

[7] by Q Chen · 2024 — Additionally, positive results in tests such as Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) PCR, GeneXpert MTB/rifampin (RIF)...

Treatment Options for Obsolete Tracheobronchial Tuberculosis

Obsolete tracheobronchial tuberculosis, also known as chronic or fibrocavernous tuberculosis, is a form of tuberculosis that affects the trachea and bronchi. While it's considered an obsolete condition, treatment options may still be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Medications

Treatment modifications for tracheobronchial tuberculosis may include medications such as:

• Dropping isoniazid if resistance was shown [2]
• Adding an appropriate fluoroquinolone or second-line injectable agent [2]

However, it's essential to note that the treatment of tracheobronchial tuberculosis can be complex and may require a multidisciplinary approach.

Surgical Procedures

In some cases, surgical procedures may be necessary to treat tracheobronchial tuberculosis. These can include:

• Collapse therapy was the mainstream of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis because it was shown effective in stopping the disease in an individual [9]

However, the effectiveness and safety of these procedures for tracheobronchial tuberculosis are not well established.

Lifestyle Changes

In addition to medications and surgical procedures, lifestyle changes may also be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications. These can include:

• Some common treatment options may include medications, surgical procedures, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy [8]

It's essential to note that the management of tracheobronchial tuberculosis requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account the individual's overall health and medical history.

References

[1] Esmail A. (2018). New drugs used in the treatment of MDR-TB such as bedaquiline and linezolid have changed the face of MDR treatment; however, significant adverse event profiles ...

[2] Treatment modifications may include dropping isoniazid if resistance was shown, adding an appropriate fluoroquinolone or second-line injectable agent or, in ...

[3] Esmail A. (2018). Patients with drug-resistant TB in resource-poor settings are now gaining access to newer and repurposed anti-tuberculosis drugs such as bedaquiline, delamanid ...

[4] Bedaquiline (BDQ) is a recently approved fast-tracked antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

[5] Sharma SK. (2020). Similar to TB treatment, drug treatment regimens comprising 3-4 drugs are used for treating NTM-PD for longer periods with high discontinuation rates (9-39 ...

[6] New drugs to treat drug-resistant TB. Bedaquiline.

[7] Bishai WR. (2000). Understanding how Mycobacterium tuberculosis lies quiescent for years if not decades, how the immune system fails to detect and eradicate it, and the nature ...

[8] Some common treatment options may include medications, surgical procedures, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy.

[9] Collapse therapy was the mainstream of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis because it was shown effective in stopping the disease in an individual.

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Tracheobronchial Tuberculosis

Obsolete tracheobronchial tuberculosis, also known as tuberculous tracheo-bronchitis, is a rare and serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis. The differential diagnosis for this condition involves considering several other diseases that may present with similar clinical features and radiographic appearances.

Key Conditions to Consider:

• Nonspecific inflammations and ulcers [2]
• Recurrent pulmonary aspirations
• Pneumonitis

These conditions can be challenging to distinguish from tracheobronchial tuberculosis, especially in the early stages of the disease. A thorough medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as bronchoscopy and biopsy are essential for accurate diagnosis.

Other Considerations:

• Tuberculosis (TB) itself is often a consideration in the differential diagnosis for patients with tracheobronchial tuberculosis [6]
• Fungal infections can also be a factor to consider
• Systemic complications of TB, such as hyponatremia and glucose intolerance, may also be present [3]

Importance of Accurate Diagnosis:

Accurate diagnosis of obsolete tracheobronchial tuberculosis is crucial for effective treatment and management. Delayed or incorrect diagnosis can lead to serious consequences, including delayed initiation and inadequate airborne precautions, which have contributed to outbreaks in the past [7].

References:

[1] Not applicable (no relevant information found)

[2] PC Samson · 1937 · Cited by 38 — The more important conditions from which tuberculous tracheo-bronchitis has to be distinguished bronchoscopically are nonspecific inflammations and ulcers, ...

[3] L Luies · 2020 · Cited by 108 — TB has been associated with several other disease-induced systemic complications, such as hyponatremia and glucose intolerance.

[6] tuberculosis is often in the differential diagnosis for patients with NTM lung disease. Empiric therapy for TB, especially with positive AFB smears and ...

[7] by PA Jensen · Cited by 1806 — Factors contributing to these outbreaks included delayed diagnosis of TB disease, delayed initiation and inadequate airborne precautions, lapses...