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ophthalmomyiasis
ICD-10 Codes
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Description
What is Ophthalmomyiasis?
Ophthalmomyiasis is a rare and serious eye condition caused by an infestation of fly larvae, specifically the larval form of the sheep botfly (Oestrus ovis). This condition can affect both internal and external ocular structures.
Types of Ophthalmomyiasis
There are two types of ophthalmomyiasis:
- External Ophthalmomyiasis: This type affects the superficial external ocular structures, including the conjunctiva and cornea.
- Internal Ophthalmomyiasis: This type involves intraocular penetration of larvae, which can cause serious damage to the eye.
Symptoms
The symptoms of ophthalmomyiasis may include:
- Irritation and redness
- A lump or mass in the tissue
- Vision loss (in severe cases)
Causes
Ophthalmomyiasis is caused by accidental encounters between humans and flies carrying larvae. This condition is more commonly reported among shepherds, animal husbandry workers, and people living in rural areas.
References:
- [6] Ophthalmomyiasis describes infection of the eye by the burrowing larvae of certain fly species.
- [9] Ophthalmomyiasis is the infestation of ocular structures by fly larvae (maggots).
- [11] Ophthalmomyiasis refers to the larval infestation of the eye, with external ophthalmomyiasis affecting the external ocular structures and internal ophthalmomyiasis involving intraocular penetration of larvae.
- [15] Ophthalmomyiasis is the ocular disorder caused by infestation with fly larvae, most commonly the larval form of the sheep botfly Oestrus ovis.
Additional Characteristics
- Ophthalmomyiasis
- External Ophthalmomyiasis
- Internal Ophthalmomyiasis
- sheep botfly (Oestrus ovis)
- conjunctiva and cornea
- intraocular penetration of larvae
Signs and Symptoms
Ophthalmomyiasis Signs and Symptoms
Ophthalmomyiasis, a parasitic infestation caused by the larvae of certain flies, can manifest in various ways. The symptoms can be quite distressing and may resemble those of other eye conditions.
- Conjunctival hyperemia: Redness and inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane covering the white part of the eyes (1).
- Lid edema: Swelling of the eyelids, which can be painful and tender to touch (2).
- Soreness and lacrimation: The affected eye may feel sore, itchy, or burning, accompanied by excessive tearing (2).
- Foreign-body sensation: A feeling as if something is stuck in the eye or on the ocular surface (3, 6).
- Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea, which can cause pain and vision problems (3).
- Corneal abrasions: Scratches or ulcers on the surface of the cornea (3).
- Periorbital oedema: Swelling around the eyes, which can be painful and tender to touch (3).
- Ocular pruritis: Itching or irritation in the eye (3).
In some cases, ophthalmomyiasis may also cause more severe symptoms, such as:
- Erythema: Redness of the skin around the eye (5).
- Hemorrhages: Bleeding under the conjunctiva or cornea (5).
- Chemosis: Swelling of the conjunctiva (5).
It's essential to seek medical attention if you suspect ophthalmomyiasis, as prompt treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.
References: (1) Singh P. (2023) (2) Singh P. (2023) (3) Martinez-Rojano H. (2023) (4) Velev V. (2018) (5) Kundur
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnosis of Ophthalmomyiasis
Ophthalmomyiasis, also known as eye myiasis, is a rare and serious condition caused by the infestation of fly larvae in the eyes. The diagnosis of this condition can be challenging but crucial for effective treatment.
- Visual Inspection: A definitive diagnosis of ophthalmomyiasis requires direct observation of fly larvae or maggots in the eye [7]. This can be done through a slit-lamp biomicroscope, loupe, or other magnifying devices.
- Patient History: Establishing a history of recent close contact with farm animals, particularly sheep, may suggest ophthalmomyiasis [1].
- Pathologic Examination: Specific diagnosis is confirmed by pathologic examination of recovered larvae or of subsequently matured flies [2].
- Serologic Testing: Hypoderma spp. serologic testing can assist in the diagnosis of myiasis in humans, including ophthalmomyiasis [3][6].
Additional Diagnostic Tools
In cases of ophthalmomyiasis interna, a dilated fundus examination aids in the diagnosis, and clinically, multiple subretinal tracks can be seen [8].
Additional Diagnostic Tests
- Patient History
- Serologic Testing
- Visual Inspection
- Pathologic Examination
Treatment
Treatment Options for Ophthalmomyiasis
Ophthalmomyiasis, a parasitic infection caused by larvae of certain flies, can be treated with various methods to remove the larvae and prevent further complications.
- Removal of Larvae: The mainstay of treatment is the removal of the larvae from the ocular surface. This can be done at the slit lamp using tweezers or other specialized instruments [6][8].
- Topical Ivermectin: Topical ivermectin (1% solution) has been proven to be an effective treatment for external ophthalmomyiasis [4][10]. It is applied directly to the affected area to kill the larvae.
- Oral Ivermectin: Oral ivermectin may also be considered as a treatment option, especially in cases where the larvae are difficult to remove [5].
- Laser Photocoagulation or Vitrectomy: In some cases, laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy with larva removal and intraocular steroids may be necessary to treat ophthalmomyiasis caused by certain species of flies [3].
Conclusion
The treatment of choice for ophthalmomyiasis depends on the severity of the infection and the species of fly causing it. In general, removing the larvae from the ocular surface is the primary goal of treatment, and topical ivermectin or oral ivermectin may be used to aid in this process.
References
[1] Taba K (2012) - Medical treatment with ivermectin can be considered as primary therapeutic modality in ophthalmomyiasis interna posterior. [3] Singh P (2023) - The definitive management of external ophthalmomyiasis is the removal of the larvae from the ocular surface. [4] Ricci GDA (2019) - Our results suggest that ivermectin 1% and propylene glycol could be potential candidates for topical treatment of ophthalmomyiasis caused by L1 larvae. [5] Wakamatsu TH (2006) - We suggest that oral ivermectin may be considered as an efficient and safe method of treatment of human ophthalmomyiasis. [6] Osorio J (2006) - The successful use of ivermectin to treat myiasis in animals has led to its use in humans, with significant success for the treatment of various parasitic infections. [8] Martinez-Rojano H (2023) - Treatment for ophthalmomyiasis involves removing the larvae with tweezers, followed by anti-inflammatory drugs and local antibiotics. [10] Dasari G (2023) - This clinical case report highlights the importance and requirement of topical ivermectin eye drops for treating external ophthalmomyiasis.
Recommended Medications
- Removal of Larvae
- Topical Ivermectin
- Oral Ivermectin
- Laser Photocoagulation or Vitrectomy
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Ophthalmomyiasis
Ophthalmomyiasis, a parasitic disease caused by the infestation of fly larvae in the eye, requires careful consideration of differential diagnoses to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment. The following conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ophthalmomyiasis:
- Conjunctivitis: A self-limiting condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, which can present with similar symptoms to ophthalmomyiasis externa [1][2].
- True foreign bodies: Presence of a physical object
Additional Differential Diagnoses
- True foreign bodies
- ? other conditions (to be specified)
- conjunctivitis
Additional Information
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