conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, also known as "pink eye", is an inflammation or infection of the thin membrane that lines the white part of the eyes and the inner eyelids.

This condition can be caused by various factors such as:

• Infection: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause conjunctivitis.
• Allergies: Allergic reactions to substances like pollen, dust, or pet dander can lead to conjunctivitis.
• Irritation: Irritants like chemicals, smoke, or wind can also cause inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Common symptoms of conjunctivitis include:

• Eye redness or swelling
• Watery eye discharge (clear or yellowish in color)
• Mucus discharge from the eyes

In some cases, conjunctivitis can be accompanied by other symptoms such as a sore throat, fever, or swollen lymph nodes.

Conjunctivitis is a relatively common condition that can affect people of all ages. It's essential to seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen over time.

References:

• [1] Conjunctivitis—often called “pink eye”—is inflammation of the conjunctiva from infection or allergies.
• [2] Symptoms include eye redness, watery eye discharge, mucus discharge from the eyes.
• [3] Conjunctival inflammation typically results from infection, allergy, or irritation.

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, can manifest in various ways, depending on its cause. Here are some common signs and symptoms:

• Redness and inflammation: The white part of the eye (conjunctiva) and the inner eyelids may appear red or pink due to increased blood vessel visibility.
• Swollen eyelids: The eyelids may become swollen, especially in cases caused by bacterial infections.
• Crusting on eyelids: A crusty discharge can form on the eyelids, particularly in the morning.
• Discharge or tearing: Excessive tearing or a watery discharge from the eye is common, especially in viral and allergic conjunctivitis.
• Sensitivity to light: The affected eye may be sensitive to light, making it uncomfortable for the person.
• Itchy eyes: Itching or burning sensations in the eye are frequent complaints among those with conjunctivitis.

These symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause of the condition. For example:

• Allergic conjunctivitis may also involve an itchy, runny nose and sneezing.
• Viral conjunctivitis often presents with a watery discharge and redness in one or both eyes.
• Bacterial conjunctivitis can cause a thicker, yellowish discharge and more pronounced swelling of the eyelids.

It's essential to note that while these symptoms are common, they don't necessarily mean you have conjunctivitis. If you're experiencing any unusual eye symptoms, it's always best to consult with an eye care professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

References:

• [1] April 15, 2024 - Some common signs of pink eye in one or both eyes include: Pink or red color in the white of the eye from visible blood vessels · Swelling of the eyelids or thin layer that lines the white of the eye · Crusting of eyelids or lashes, especially in the morning ...
• [3] What are the symptoms of pink eye? · Redness in the white of your eye (sclera) or on your eyelid's inner surface. · Eye discharge (usually thicker than normal ...
• [9] Symptoms of Conjunctivitis · Discharge or crusting on eyelids · Watery eyes or excessive tearing · Sandy or scratchy feeling in the eye · Sensitivity to light · Eye ...

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, can be diagnosed through various diagnostic tests. Here are some of the common methods used to diagnose this condition:

• Comprehensive Eye Examination: A thorough examination of the eyes, including the conjunctiva and surrounding tissues, is usually all that is required to diagnose bacterial conjunctivitis [6].
• Conjunctival Swab Culture: A swab culture can be obtained from the conjunctiva and sent to the lab for testing. The results can take a few days [7].
• Rapid In-Office Test: A rapid test can be performed in-office to diagnose viral conjunctivitis [7].
• QuickVue Adenoviral Conjunctivits Test: This is a CLIA-waived, point-of-care test that detects all known serotypes of adenoviral conjunctivitis [4].

It's worth noting that because there is no specific diagnostic test to differentiate viral from bacterial conjunctivitis, most cases are treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics until the results of the swab culture become available [8]. A comprehensive history and physical examination can also guide diagnosis, with viral and allergic conjunctivitis being more common in adults and typically presenting with certain symptoms [3].

References: [3] S Winters · 2024 · Cited by 1 [4] [6] [7] [8] by H CRONAU · 2010 · Cited by 281

Treatment Options for Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, can be treated with various medications depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

• Bacterial Conjunctivitis: The mainstay of treatment is topical antibiotic therapy, which significantly reduces the duration of symptoms [9]. Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are usually prescribed to deliver high levels of the drug directly to the site of infection [1].
• Allergic Conjunctivitis: Mast cell stabilizers and antihistamines are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis. These medications block the release of histamines and ease itching, providing relief from symptoms [13][15]. Topical corticosteroids may also be prescribed for a couple of weeks to lower eye inflammation [15].
• Viral Conjunctivitis: Over-the-counter (OTC) combinations containing naphazoline and/or pheniramine can help relieve symptoms. Artificial tears, an OTC medication that lubricates the eye, may also be recommended to alleviate dryness associated with viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis [14].

Prescription Medications

In some cases, prescription medications may be necessary to treat conjunctivitis. These include:

• Antibiotics: Trimethoprim-Polymyxin B is a safe and well-tolerated antibiotic for treating bacterial conjunctivitis in children [6].
• Antivirals: Antiviral medications may be prescribed for infections caused by the herpes simplex or varicella-zoster viruses, as well as for individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV [8].

Common Medications Used

According to a study, ophthalmic anti-infectives are the most commonly used medication class for treating conjunctivitis, followed by ophthalmic steroids with anti-infectives and ophthalmic antihistamines and decongestants [10].

Differential Diagnosis of Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, can be caused by various factors including viral, bacterial, allergic, and other etiologies. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to determine the underlying cause and provide effective treatment.

Types of Conjunctivitis:

• Viral Conjunctivitis: The most common type, characterized by a watery discharge, redness, and itching.
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Typically presents with a purulent discharge, severe redness, and swelling.
• Allergic Conjunctivitis: Often associated with itching, tearing, and a clear or watery discharge.

Other Causes of Red Eye:

• Uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, which can cause pain, sensitivity to light, and vision changes.
• Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea, often accompanied by pain, blurred vision, and a foreign body sensation.
• Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: A medical emergency characterized by sudden onset of severe eye pain, headache, nausea, and vision loss.

Key Features to Consider:

• Duration and severity of symptoms
• Type and color of discharge
• Presence of itching or burning sensations
• Vision changes or sensitivity to light

Differential Diagnosis Algorithm:

A suggested algorithm for clinical approach to suspected acute conjunctivitis involves considering the following steps:

1. Clinical Evaluation: Assess the patient's symptoms, medical history, and physical examination findings.
2. Diagnostic Tests: Perform relevant tests such as Gram stain, culture, or PCR to identify the causative agent.
3. Imaging Studies: Use imaging modalities like ultrasound or OCT to rule out other conditions.

References:

• [1] Mar 1, 2024 — Differential Diagnoses · Acute Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) · Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis · Allergic Conjunctivitis · Atopic ...
• [8] by L Bielory · 2007 · Cited by 54 — This differential diagnosis involves a wide range of disorders from allergic (IgE mast cell, eosinophil), infectious (neutrophilic, lymphocytic, monocytic), ...
• [11] The differential diagnosis of conjunctivitis includes other etiologies of red eye such as uveitis, keratitis, and acute angle-closure glaucoma . 1, 2, 8, 9 These have been reviewed in a previous ...