glioblastoma proneural subtype

Based on the search results, it appears that glioblastoma (GBM) has been classified into several subtypes, including the proneural subtype.

According to [1], tumors of the proneural and mesenchymal subtypes are branching in separate clusters based on screened gene expression. This suggests that the proneural subtype may have distinct genetic characteristics compared to other subtypes.

[3] also mentions that GBM can be classified into 4 subtypes: Proneural (PN), Neural

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a fast-growing type of malignant brain tumor that is the most common brain tumor in adults, [5]. The proneural subtype of GBM is one of four subtypes identified based on transcriptional features, [3][4].

The symptoms and signs of glioblastoma proneural subtype can vary from person to person but may include:

• Headache: As the tumor grows, it causes pressure on surrounding brain cells, resulting in headache, seizures, memory problems, personality changes, vision, and other neurological symptoms, [1].
• Seizures: Seizures are a common symptom of GBM, including the proneural subtype. They can occur due to the tumor's impact on surrounding brain tissue.
• Memory problems: Memory problems, such as difficulty remembering recent events or learning new information, may be experienced by individuals with glioblastoma proneural subtype.
• Personality changes: Personality changes, such as mood swings or altered behavior, can also be symptoms of GBM proneural subtype.

It's essential to note that the symptoms and signs of glioblastoma proneural subtype can be similar to those of other brain tumors or conditions. A definitive diagnosis is typically made through imaging studies (e.g., MRI) and histopathological examination of tumor tissue, [2].

The mesenchymal subtype, which is another type of GBM, is characterized by extensive necrosis and inflammation, upregulation of interstitial and angiogenesis genes, deletion of tumor suppressor genes, and other distinct features. However, the proneural subtype has a different set of characteristics, including gene expression patterns that are separate from those of the mesenchymal subtype, [6][7].

References: [1] Kanderi, T. (2022) [2] Davis, M.E. (2016) [3] Davis, M.E. (2016) [4] Sidaway, P. (2017) [5] [6] Zhang, P. (2020) [7] Behnan, J. (2019)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a type of brain cancer, and its proneural subtype is one of the three main subtypes. Diagnosing GBM requires a combination of clinical presentation, imaging studies, and histopathological analysis.

Imaging Studies

Advanced MRI techniques are commonly used to diagnose GBM, including:

• Contrast-enhanced MRI: This type of MRI scan can help identify tumors and their extent [6].
• Functional MRI (fMRI): fMRI can be used to

Treatment Options for Glioblastoma Proneural Subtype

The proneural subtype of glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the four distinct molecular subtypes of this aggressive brain tumor. Research has shown that the response to treatment varies across these subtypes, and the proneural subtype tends to have a lower response rate compared to other subtypes.

Current Standard Therapy

The current standard therapy for GBM includes maximal safe surgical resection followed by concurrent radiation with temozolomide (TMZ), an oral alkylating agent [3]. However, this regimen provides suboptimal outcomes for patients with proneural subtype GBM.

Alternative Treatment Options

Research has identified that the proneural subtype of GBM may respond differently to aggressive therapies compared to other subtypes. Studies have suggested that temozolomide treatment in Classical and Mesenchymal subtypes was higher than that of neurotypes, and the Proneural subtype was lower than that [8]. This indicates that alternative treatment options may be necessary for patients with proneural subtype GBM.

Repositioned Drugs

Other repositioned drugs for GBM include gemcitabine and cytarabine which are currently approved for other solid tumors. Cytarabine (Ara-C) is another drug being explored for its potential in treating GBM, including the proneural subtype [5].

Future Directions

Further research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the proneural subtype of GBM and to identify more effective treatment options. This may involve exploring new targeted therapies or repositioning existing drugs that have shown promise in other cancer types.

References: [1] RS Angom, 2023 - [2] Y Chen, 2016 - [3] ME Davis - [4] JH Sherman, 2024 - [5] AH Shah, 2022 - [6] X Zheng, 2021 - [7] P Zhang, 2020 - [8] BV Harshavardhan, 2024

Understanding Glioblastoma Subtypes

Glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer, can be classified into several subtypes based on gene expression patterns and molecular characteristics. One such subtype is the Proneural subtype, which is characterized by a distinct set of genetic features.

Differential Diagnosis

When attempting to diagnose glioblastoma with a proneural subtype, it's essential to consider the following key points:

• Gene Expression Patterns: The Proneural subtype is marked by specific gene expression patterns that distinguish it from other subtypes. These patterns can be identified through various molecular analysis techniques.
• Cellular Characteristics: Tumors of the Proneural subtype often exhibit a more differentiated neuronal phenotype, with a lower rate of proliferation compared to other subtypes [4].
• Molecular Classification: Studies have shown that glioblastomas can be classified into four main subtypes: Proneural, Neural, Classical, and Mesenchymal. The Proneural subtype is distinct from the others in terms of its gene expression profile [2].

Key Features to Consider

When attempting a differential diagnosis for glioblastoma proneural subtype, consider the following key features:

• Gene Expression-Based Classification: This approach has been shown to be effective in distinguishing between different subtypes of glioblastoma.
• Cellular Differentiation: The Proneural subtype is characterized by a more differentiated neuronal phenotype, which can be an important diagnostic feature.
• Molecular Characteristics: The specific molecular features of the Proneural subtype, such as gene expression patterns and genetic mutations, should be taken into account when attempting a differential diagnosis.

References

[1] Steponaitis G. (2021). Data analysis revealed that tumors of proneural and mesenchymal subtypes are branching in separate clusters based on screened gene expression. [Cited by 30]

[2] Verhaak RGW. (2010). We describe a robust gene expression-based molecular classification of GBM into Proneural, Neural, Classical, and Mesenchymal subtypes and integrate... [Cited by 8158]

[3] Tang Y. (2021). Further studies using RNA-sequencing by Wang et al. have identified that only pro-neural, classical, and mesenchymal subtypes represent the... [Cited by 6]

[4] Jan 4, 2016. The Proneural subtype is known to mimic the expression of a differentiated neuron and has a low rate of proliferation. This could explain the...