obsolete major affective disorder 2

Obsolete Major Affective Disorder 2

Obsolete Major Affective Disorder 2, also known as Bipolar Disorder, is a mood disorder characterized by episodes of depression and mania or hypomania [1]. It was previously classified as an obsolete major affective disorder in medical literature.

The symptoms of Obsolete Major Affective Disorder 2 include:

• Episodes of mania or hypomania: periods of abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity
• Depressive episodes: periods of low mood, loss of interest in activities, and other depressive symptoms

This condition was previously recognized as a distinct disorder, but it is now considered to be part of the broader category of Bipolar Disorder [2].

References: [1] DisGeNET; DOID:0080221 [2] DisGeNET

Common Signs and Symptoms of Dysthymic Disorder

Dysthymic disorder, also known as persistent depressive disorder, is a mood disorder characterized by a chronically depressed mood that lasts for at least two years in adults and one year in children and adolescents. The following are some common signs and symptoms of dysthymic disorder:

• Persistent low or depressed mood: A feeling of sadness or emptiness that persists for most of the day, every day [1].
• Loss of interest in pleasurable activities: A decrease in interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, such as hobbies or socializing [3].
• Changes in appetite or weight: Changes in appetite or weight, which can be either an increase or decrease [5].
• Sleep changes: Difficulty sleeping or excessive sleepiness [5].
• Loss of energy: Feeling tired or lacking the energy to engage in daily activities [2].
• Difficulty concentrating: Trouble concentrating or making decisions [2].

It's worth noting that dysthymic disorder can also be characterized by a range of other symptoms, including feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or hopelessness, as well as physical complaints such as headaches or stomach problems.

References:

[1] - Symptoms · persistently low or depressed mood · an inability to feel pleasure · decreased interest in pleasurable activities · feelings of guilt ...

[2] - deep feelings of sadness; dark moods; feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness; appetite changes; sleep changes; lack of energy; inability to concentrate ...

[3] - characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

[5] - Generally, the most common vegetative symptoms include changes in someone's sleep habits, appetite or weight, and digestive system.

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for diagnostic tests related to an outdated term "major affective disorder". This term was previously used to describe a range of mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder.

However, in modern psychiatry, these conditions are referred to as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. The diagnostic tests mentioned in the context for these conditions include:

• Physical exam: A physical examination may be performed by a healthcare professional to rule out any underlying medical conditions that could be contributing to symptoms of depression or bipolar disorder.
• PHQ-2, PHQ-9, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, or Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): These are screening instruments used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms in older adults. The PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 are self-report questionnaires that ask about the frequency and intensity of depressive symptoms over the past two weeks.
• Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen tests: These laboratory tests can help determine if kidney disease is contributing to symptoms of depression or bipolar disorder.

It's worth noting that these diagnostic tests are not specific to an "obsolete major affective disorder" but rather are used in the diagnosis of modern mood disorders. The term "major affective disorder" has been largely replaced by more specific and accurate diagnoses, such as MDD and bipolar disorder.

References:

• [12] Older adults can be screened for depression using an instrument such as the PHQ-2, PHQ-9, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, or Geriatric ...
• [13] Jan 25, 2024 — Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen: These tests assess how well your kidneys are functioning. Kidney disease can cause depression-like symptoms.
• [15] May 21, 2024 — No diagnostic laboratory tests are available to diagnose major depressive disorder, but focused laboratory studies may be useful to exclude ...

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on the drug treatment of Bipolar Disorder Type II (BD-II). Here's a summary of the relevant information:

Treatment Options

• Venlafaxine has been found to be efficacious and safe as monotherapy in treating BD-II depression [1].
• Quetiapine is another novel treatment approach that has been given priority over traditional ones in recent treatment guidelines for bipolar depression [2].

Other Considerations

• Maintenance therapy is a critical part of treatment for bipolar disorder, as there is currently no cure for the condition [5].
• Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential for successful management of major depressive disorder (MDD), which includes BD-II [3][7].

Historical Context

• Nortriptyline was found to be more effective than fluoxetine in treating moderate to severe depression, according to a study published in 2007 [4].
• Lithium and clozapine are the only two somatic treatments with high-quality data documenting their antisuicide effects in mood disorders [9].

It's worth noting that treatment for BD-II often involves a combination of medications and other therapies, as each individual may respond differently to various treatments. A team approach is often necessary to ensure effective management of the condition.

References:

[1] Fountoulakis KN (2022) - Cited by 87 [2] Nivoli AMA (2011) - Cited by 213 [3] Zhu Y (2023) - Cited by 2 [4] Akhondzadeh et al. (2007) [5] (2024) - Cited by 0 [7] Zhu Y (2023) - Cited by 2 [9] Hawkins EM (2021) - Cited by 14

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are referring to an outdated classification system for mental health disorders.

The differential diagnosis for what is now referred to as "bipolar II disorder" or "major depressive disorder with hypomanic episodes" would have included:

• Major affective disorder 2 (MAD-2) [1]
  • This was a condition characterized by recurring episodes of depression and hypomania, but not meeting the full criteria for manic episodes.
• Unipolar depressive disorder [3]
  • Also known as endogenous depression or major depressive disorder, this refers to a type of depression that is not linked to specific events or stressors.
• Adjustment disorder with depressed mood [9]
  • This was a condition characterized by a mood disturbance in response to an identifiable event or stressor.

It's essential to note that the classification and diagnosis of mental health disorders have evolved over time, and these terms are no longer used in modern psychiatric practice. The current diagnostic criteria for bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder with hypomanic episodes can be found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) [2].

References:

[1] Context result 2 [2] Not provided, but a standard reference for modern psychiatric diagnosis. [3] Context result 3 [9] Context result 9