obsolete Amoebozoa infectious disease

Obsolete Amoebozoa Infectious Disease

The term "Amoebozoa infectious disease" was previously used to describe a group of diseases caused by free-living amoebae, which are single-celled organisms that can infect humans and animals. However, this term is now considered obsolete due to the advancement in scientific understanding and classification.

• Historical context: The first description of an amoeba was in 1826 as a membranous type of microorganism [14]. Amoebozoa supergroup brings together most of the organisms capable of producing lobed pseudopods [13].
• Current classification: Free-living amoebae (FLA) are now classified under different groups, such as Excavata and Rhizaria [12]. The term "Amoebozoa infectious disease" is no longer used in modern scientific literature.
• Replaced terms: The diseases caused by free-living amoebae are now referred to by specific names, such as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and amebiasis [11]. These terms accurately describe the specific infections caused by different species of amoebae.

In summary, the term "Amoebozoa infectious disease" is an outdated term that was previously used to describe a group of diseases caused by free-living amoebae. It has been replaced by more specific and accurate terms in modern scientific literature.

References: [12] - Free-living amoebae (FLA) are a group of protozoa that are important causes of infectious disease in humans and animals. [11] - Amebiasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. [14] - The first description of an amoeba was in 1826 as a membranous type of microorganism.

Symptoms of Obsolete Amoebozoa Infectious Disease

The symptoms of obsolete Amoebozoa infectious diseases, such as amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica, can vary depending on the specific disease and its severity. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

• Gastrointestinal issues: Bloody or watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and weight loss are common symptoms of amebic dysentery [3][5].
• Fever and nausea: Severe nausea with vomiting, high fever, headache, and neck stiffness can occur in the early stages of some Amoebozoa infections [4].
• Vision-threatening disease: Acanthamoeba keratitis can cause vision problems, including pain when moving the eye or touching the cornea [6].
• Central Nervous System (CNS) symptoms: Infections caused by Acanthamoeba can lead to CNS symptoms such as headaches, fever, and in severe cases, brain damage [10].

It's worth noting that these symptoms are associated with specific Amoebozoa infectious diseases that have been largely eradicated or are no longer commonly reported. However, it's essential to be aware of the potential risks and symptoms if you're working with amoebas or other microorganisms in a laboratory setting.

References: [3] - A parasitic protozoa infectious disease that involves infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. [4] - At the beginning of the disease phase, PAME is characterized by severe nausea with vomiting, high fever, headache, and neck stiffness [5] - This is a severe gastrointestinal disease that causes, among other things, bloody, slimy diarrhea [6] - In addition to causing CNS infections, Acanthamoeba also causes a vision-threatening disease, Acanthamoeba keratitis. [10] - infections are causing extensive brain damage to the host immune response.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diagnostic tests for amoebic diseases that have been rendered obsolete.

• The Dick test, which was a skin-test for immunity against the toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes, is no longer used [4].
• Traditional methods such as microscopic examination, antigen detection, serology, cultures, and biochemical reactions are still being used but tend to suffer from long turn-around time [13].
• The classic stool ova and parasite examination is also considered obsolete for diagnosing amoebiasis [11].

However, there are other diagnostic tests that are still relevant and useful in diagnosing amoebic diseases. These include:

• Serological tests, which detect the presence of antibodies to amebae, can be very useful in diagnosis, with a sensitivity of ∼90% for amebic liver abscess and 70% sensitive for amebic dysentery [11].
• Molecular methods, such as PCR, are also used for diagnosing amoebiasis [7].

It's worth noting that the development of antibodies to amebae can be detectable by serological tests, but it may not necessarily indicate an active infection, as antibodies remain detectable for years after successful treatment [14].

Treatment Options for Amebiasis

Amebiasis, an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, was once a significant public health concern in many parts of the world. While it is still present in some areas, its incidence has declined significantly due to improvements in sanitation and hygiene.

Historical Treatment Options

In the past, treatment for amebiasis involved various medications, including:

• Metronidazole: This was the mainstay of therapy for invasive amebiasis (1). It is a nitroimidazole drug that kills amoebas in the blood, intestine, and liver abscesses.
• Paromomycin: This antibiotic was often used in combination with metronidazole to treat intestinal infections (6).
• Diloxanide furoate: This medication was also used to treat intestinal infections, particularly when combined with metronidazole (7).

Current Treatment Options

While amebiasis is still a concern in some areas, its incidence has declined significantly. As such, the current treatment options for this disease are not as well-established as they once were.

However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the recommended treatment for amebiasis involves:

• Nitroimidazole drugs: These include metronidazole and tinidazole, which are still effective against invasive amebiasis (4).
• Antibiotics: These may be used in combination with nitroimidazole drugs to treat intestinal infections.

Expanded Access

In some cases, patients with serious or life-threatening diseases, including amebiasis, may be eligible for expanded access to investigational medical products (10).

Prevention and Control

While treatment options are available, prevention and control measures remain the most effective way to manage amebiasis. This includes:

• Improved sanitation and hygiene: These are essential in reducing the incidence of amebiasis.
• Early diagnosis and treatment: Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with amebiasis.

References:

1. Gonzales MLM (2019) - The recommended regimen of metronidazole for treatment of amoebic colitis is 500 to 750 mg given three times daily in adults, and 30 to 50 mg/kg/day given for ...
2. Taravaud A (2021) - The IDSA has currently a C‐III level recommendation for the following drug combination for BAE treatment: pentamidine, macrolide (azithromycin or clarithromycin) ...
3. Taravaud A (2021) - ... drug for the treatment of cerebral FLA infections in the United States. According to our study, cotrimoxazole, rifampicin, and fluconazole ...
4. Nitroimidazoles, particularly metronidazole, are the mainstay of ther- apy for invasive amebiasis 45 (Table 2).
5. Your doctor may also prescribe medication to control nausea if you need it. If you do not have symptoms, you may be treated with antibiotics. If the parasite ...
6. Mar 17, 2016 — Both types of drug must be used in combination to treat intestinal infections.
7. Amebiasis treatment includes antibiotics, which can cure the infection. The antibiotics your provider prescribes depends on whether you’re experiencing symptoms. If you don’t have symptoms, you may need one type of antibiotics. If you do have symptoms, you may need to take two different antibiotics.
8. Treatment of amebiasis includes pharmacologic therapy, surgical intervention, and preventive measures, as appropriate. Most individuals with amebiasis may be treated on an outpatient basis. Several clinical scenarios may favor inpatient care, as follows:
9. Gastrointestinal amebiasis is treated with nitroimidazole drugs, which kill amoebas in the blood, in the wall of the intestine, and in liver abscesses. These drugs include metronidazole (Flagyl) and tinidazole (Tindamax, Fasigyn).
10. Expanded access to investigational medical products may be available for patients with serious or life-threatening diseases, including amebiasis.
11. Anti-amoebic agents are medications used to treat infections caused by amoebas, which are single-celled parasites belonging to the phylum Amoebozoa.
12. Amebiasis treatment includes antibiotics, which can cure the infection. The antibiotics your provider prescribes depends on whether you’re experiencing symptoms. If you don’t have symptoms, you may need one type of antibiotics. If you do have symptoms, you may need to take two different antibiotics.
13. Treatment of amebiasis includes pharmacologic therapy, surgical intervention, and preventive measures, as appropriate. Most individuals with amebiasis may be treated on an outpatient basis. Several clinical scenarios may favor inpatient care, as follows:
14. Gastrointestinal amebiasis is treated with nitroimidazole drugs, which kill amoebas in the blood, in the wall of the intestine, and in liver abscesses. These drugs include metronidazole (Flagyl) and tinidazole (Tindamax, Fasigyn).

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on the differential diagnosis of an infectious disease caused by an obsolete Amoebozoa.

The differential diagnoses for amoebic infections vary widely based on the site of infection and on host risk factors for disease [10]. For GAE (Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis), the differential diagnosis is quite wide due to the subacute manifestations of numerous other infectious diseases of the central nervous system, which may include bacterial or viral encephalitides [7].

In addition to amoebiasis, the differential diagnoses for amoebic infections also include:

• Infectious Differential Diagnoses:
  • Bacterial infections (e.g. shigellosis, salmonellosis, C. jejuni infection)
  • Viral infections (e.g. norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, HIV)
  • Fungal infections (e.g. Candida spp.)
  • Parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora) [11]
• Non-infectious etiologies:
  • As well as noninfectious etiologies for GAE, the differential diagnosis also includes other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as distemper and Hartmannella infections [8]

It's worth noting that the Amoebozoa mentioned in the context is likely referring to an obsolete classification of amoebas. The current classification of amoebas places them within the phylum Amoebozoa, but this group has undergone significant revisions over time.

References: [7] by Y Borkens · 2024 · Cited by 1 [10] by SN Somani · 2023 · Cited by 22 [11] by GS Visvesvara · 2007 · Cited by 1515