obsolete reproductive endocrine cancer

Reproductive Endocrine Cancers: A Review

Reproductive endocrine cancers refer to tumors that arise from the endocrine system, which plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including reproduction. These cancers can be broadly classified into two categories: male and female reproductive endocrine cancers.

Male Reproductive Endocrine Cancers

• Prostate Cancer: The most common type of cancer in men, accounting for 26.3% of all male cancers in England (2017 data) [11]. Prostate cancer is a hormone-sensitive tumor that grows slowly and can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.
• Testicular Cancers: A rare but aggressive form of cancer that affects the testicles, accounting for 1.2% of all male cancers in England (2017 data) [11].
• Breast Cancer in Men: Although rare, breast cancer can occur in men, with an incidence rate of 0.2% in England (2017 data) [11].

Female Reproductive Endocrine Cancers

• Endometrial Cancer: A type of cancer that affects the lining of the uterus, accounting for a significant proportion of female reproductive endocrine cancers [2]. Estrogen exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer [6].
• Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Rare and aggressive tumors that arise from the neuroendocrine system, which can affect various parts of the body, including the ovaries and uterus [4].

Key Points

• Reproductive endocrine cancers can be broadly classified into male and female reproductive endocrine cancers.
• Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men, while testicular cancers are a rare but aggressive form of cancer that affects the testicles.
• Breast cancer can occur in men, although it is extremely rare.
• Endometrial cancer is a significant proportion of female reproductive endocrine cancers and is associated with estrogen exposure.

References

[1] HB Patisaul (2021) - This review focuses on endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), both naturally occurring and man-made, and summarizes how they interfere with the neuroendocrine system [5]. [2] D Caserta (2022) - The results obtained demonstrate how the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors are manifold in the pathophysiology of endometrial cancer [2]. [3] Jun 12, 2024 - MEN syndrome–associated tumors usually manifest as the overproduction of hormones, tumor growth, or both [3]. [4] Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are when malignant cancer cells form in the neuroendocrine system [4]. [5] HB Patisaul (2021) - This review focuses on endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), both naturally occurring and man-made, and summarizes how they interfere with the neuroendocrine system [5].

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are various types of reproductive endocrine cancers that have been considered "obsolete" in modern medical terminology. However, I will focus on providing information about signs and symptoms related to these conditions.

Irregular Vaginal Bleeding Irregular vaginal bleeding is a common presenting sign of endometrial cancer [1]. This symptom can occur early in the disease process and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as pelvic pain or pressure.

Other Reproductive Health Outcomes Injury to brain sexual development can lead to obvious malformations of the genitals and other reproductive organs, which are a clear sign of adverse reproductive health outcomes [2]. This condition can also result in subfertility, aberrations in the reproductive cycle, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids [3].

Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) NETs can cause a range of symptoms depending on their location. Some common symptoms include: * Wheezing * Episodic facial flushing * Severe diarrhea * Abdominal cramps * Unexplained loss of appetite or weight loss [4] * Rectal bleeding and/or blood in the stool (gastrointestinal NET symptoms) [5]

Gynecologic Cancers The signs of cancer, particularly gynecologic cancers, can be vague and similar to those of other conditions. Some common symptoms include: * Appetite changes * Pain in the pelvis or abdominal area * Ongoing abdominal pain or discomfort (including gas, indigestion, pressure) [6]

Endocrine Cancer Symptoms Endocrine cancer symptoms vary greatly depending on which part of the endocrine system is affected and whether the tumor has grown large enough to press against nearby tissues. Some common symptoms include: * A physical exam to evaluate symptoms and signs that could be caused by an endocrine disorder * Unexplained weight loss or gain * Changes in appetite or metabolism [7]

It's essential to note that these symptoms can also be associated with other conditions, and a proper diagnosis should only be made by a qualified medical professional.

References: [1] Oct 21, 2024 — Clinical Features​​ Irregular vaginal bleeding is the most common presenting sign of endometrial cancer. [2] by HB Patisaul · 2021 · Cited by 25 — While obvious malformations of the genitals and other reproductive organs are a clear sign of adverse reproductive health outcomes [3] by MJ Laws · 2021 · Cited by 49 — EDCs are associated with subfertility, aberrations in the reproductive cycle, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids [4] More than 80,000 women in the United States are diagnosed each year with a gynecologic cancer, such as cervical, endometrial (also known as uterine) or ovarian cancer. [5] General cancer symptoms: NETs can cause symptoms that are common to many cancers. These include: Fatigue; A new, growing lump or mass; Unexplained weight loss; Gastrointestinal NET symptoms [6] Certain types of NETs present symptoms specific to their location. For example, lung NETs are less likely to be functional tumors, so they don’t tend to cause symptoms based on hormone production as compared with gastrointestinal NETs. [7] Endocrine cancer symptoms vary greatly depending on which part of the endocrine system is affected and whether the tumor has grown large enough to press against nearby tissues.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are various diagnostic tests used to detect and diagnose reproductive endocrine cancers that have become obsolete.

• Biochemical testing for NET markers: This test is mentioned in search result 3 as a part of the diagnostic workup for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). However, its relevance to obsolete reproductive endocrine cancer is unclear. [3]
• Imaging tests such as CT, MRI, EUS: These imaging tests are also mentioned in search result 1 as part of the diagnostic workup for NETs. While they may still be used today, their use in diagnosing obsolete reproductive endocrine cancers is not specified. [1]
• Blood tests to check for biochemical markers: This test is mentioned in search result 3 as a way to diagnose NETs. However, its relevance to obsolete reproductive endocrine cancer is unclear. [3]

It's worth noting that the context mentions "obsolete" reproductive endocrine cancer, which suggests that these diagnostic tests may have been used in the past but are no longer relevant today.

• Chromogranin A (CgA) test: This test is mentioned in search result 7 as a biomarker for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). However, its relevance to obsolete reproductive endocrine cancer is unclear. [7]
• CA-125 test:

Treatment Options for Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, is a type of cancer that affects the lining of the uterus. The treatment options for endometrial cancer depend on various factors, including the stage and grade of the cancer.

Surgery

Surgery is often the primary treatment for endometrial cancer. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and affected tissue from the uterus. There are different types of surgical procedures that can be performed, including:

• Hysterectomy: This involves removing the entire uterus.
• Radical hysterectomy: This involves removing the uterus, cervix, and part of the vagina.
• Lymphadenectomy: This involves removing lymph nodes from the pelvis to check for cancer spread.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a treatment option that uses medications to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be used before or after surgery to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.

Hormonal Therapy

Hormonal therapy is a treatment option that uses medications to block hormones that stimulate cancer growth. The only hormonal therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of endometrial cancer is megestrol.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment option that uses medications to boost the body's immune system to fight cancer. This can include medications such as atezolizumab, which may help the body's immune system attack the cancer.

Other Treatment Options

Other treatment options for endometrial cancer include:

• Targeted therapy: This involves using medications that target specific genes or proteins involved in cancer growth.
• Radiation therapy: This involves using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.
• Lanreotide: This is a medication derived from the naturally occurring inhibitory hormone somatostatin, which has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms and biochemical markers associated with carcinoid syndrome.

References

1. The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be over 65,950 new cases of endometrial cancer diagnosed in 2022 [10].
2. Surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy is a common treatment option for stage III, stage IV, and recurrent endometrial cancer [6].
3. Hormonal therapy with megestrol is the only FDA-approved treatment for endometrial cancer [10].
4. Immunotherapy with atezolizumab may be effective in treating endometrial cancer [11].
5. Lanreotide has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms and biochemical markers associated with carcinoid syndrome, which can occur in some cases of endometrial cancer [11].

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on the differential diagnosis of a specific type of reproductive endocrine cancer.

Possible Differential Diagnoses

The following conditions may be considered in the differential diagnosis of an