4 free views remaining today
granulosa cell tumor
Description
What are Granulosa Cell Tumors?
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, slow-growing ovarian tumors that originate from the tissues surrounding the ovaries. These tumors can produce hormones, leading to high estrogen levels in the body.
- Types of GCTs: There are two main types of GCTs: adult-type and juvenile-type. Adult-type GCTs account for about 90% of cases and occur in women over 30 years old, while juvenile-type GCTs are more common in prepubertal girls and young women under 30.
- Characteristics: GCTs are typically large, unilateral, cystic ovarian masses with a tan-yellow appearance. They can secrete estrogen, which may cause abnormal bleeding, irregular periods, or a larger abdomen.
- Malignancy: While most GCTs follow a benign course, some can be malignant (cancerous). The recurrence of GCT often happens after 5 years.
Key Statistics
- GCTs account for about 5% of all malignant ovarian cancers.
- They represent 70% of all sex cord-stromal tumors and 5-8% of all ovarian neoplasms.
- Only 5% of GCTs occur in prepubertal girls.
References
[1] - [15] (citations from the provided context)
Additional Characteristics
- Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, slow-growing ovarian tumors.
- GCTs can produce hormones, leading to high estrogen levels in the body.
- Adult-type GCTs account for about 90% of cases and occur in women over 30 years old.
- Juvenile-type GCTs are more common in prepubertal girls and young women under 30.
- GCTs can secrete estrogen, causing abnormal bleeding, irregular periods, or a larger abdomen.
- Most GCTs follow a benign course, but some can be malignant (cancerous).
- Recurrence of GCT often happens after 5 years.
- GCTs account for about 5% of all malignant ovarian cancers.
- They represent 70% of all sex cord-stromal tumors and 5-8% of all ovarian neoplasms.
- Only 5% of GCTs occur in prepubertal girls.
Signs and Symptoms
Common Signs and Symptoms of Granulosa Cell Tumor
Granulosa cell tumors, a type of ovarian cancer, can exhibit various symptoms due to the production of high levels of estrogen. These symptoms vary depending on the patient's age and menstrual status.
- Vaginal bleeding: This is one of the most common symptoms in postmenopausal women, occurring in 50% of cases (7).
- Abdominal pain: Pain or discomfort in the abdominal or pelvic area can also be a symptom, affecting 57.7% of patients (7).
- Postmenopausal bleeding: Bleeding after menopause is another common symptom, often due to elevated estrogen levels (6, 8).
- Metrorrhagia: Irregular vaginal bleeding can occur in premenopausal women (6).
- Secondary amenorrhea: Some patients may experience a cessation of menstrual periods (7).
Additional Symptoms
Other symptoms that may be associated with granulosa cell tumors include:
- Bloating and swelling of the abdomen (stomach) (5)
- Pain or discomfort in the abdominal or pelvic area (5)
It's essential to note that not everyone experiencing these symptoms will have a granulosa cell tumor. If you're experiencing any of these symptoms, it's crucial to consult with your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis.
References:
[1] - Symptoms due to estradiol secretion, including vaginal bleeding and precocious puberty (3) [2] - Many patients with GCTs exhibit manifestations of hyperestrogenism (4) [3] - Vaginal bleeding and precocious puberty are symptoms presented by granulosa cell tumors (3) [4] - Symptoms vary depending on the patient’s age and menstrual status (4) [5] - Bloating and swelling of the abdomen, pain or discomfort in the abdominal or pelvic area (5) [6] - Metrorrhagia, postmenopausal bleeding, and other symptoms due to elevated estrogen levels (6) [7] - Common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (57.7%) and postmenopausal bleeding (50%) (7) [8] - Postmenopausal bleeding is a symptom occurring in 50% of cases (8)
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Tests for Granulosa Cell Tumor
Granulosa cell tumors can be challenging to diagnose, but various tests and imaging techniques can help confirm the presence of this type of ovarian cancer.
- Transvaginal Sonography: This is often the initial imaging modality used to visualize ovarian structures. It can help identify a mass or tumor on the ovary.
- Chest Radiography: Chest X-rays may be performed to rule out metastasis (spread) of the tumor to the lungs.
- Abdominopelvic Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): These imaging techniques can help diagnose intraperitoneal spread or involvement of other organ systems prior to surgery. They can also provide detailed images of the tumor and surrounding tissues.
Blood Hormone Tests
- Inhibin A and Inhibin B Tumor Marker Tests: These tests measure blood hormone levels to detect granulosa cell tumors. Inhibin A has a sensitivity of 67% for diagnosing this type of tumor [5].
Imaging Techniques
- Transvaginal Ultrasound: This imaging modality often serves as the initial diagnostic tool, providing detailed visualization of ovarian structures and helping identify a mass or tumor on the ovary.
Histopathological Analysis
- Biopsy and Histology: A biopsy is typically performed to confirm the diagnosis. Histological examination of the tumor tissue can help identify characteristic features such as Call-Exner bodies, which are pathognomonic for adult granulosa cell tumors [10].
These diagnostic tests and imaging techniques can help healthcare professionals accurately diagnose granulosa cell tumors and develop an effective treatment plan.
References:
[1] - Abdominopelvic CT scanning or MRI may help in diagnosing intraperitoneal spread or involvement of other organ systems prior to surgery. (Search result 2) [5] - Inhibin A and inhibin B tumor marker tests can be used to detect granulosa cell tumors. (Search result 11) [10] - Histological examination of the tumor tissue can help identify characteristic features such as Call-Exner bodies, which are pathognomonic for adult granulosa cell tumors. (Search result 10)
Treatment
Treatment Options for Granulosa Cell Tumor
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are rare ovarian cancers that can be treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy.
- Surgery: The first line of treatment for GCT is surgical removal
Recommended Medications
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone Therapy
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Granulosa Cell Tumor
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are a type of sex cord-stromal ovarian tumor, and their differential diagnosis can be challenging due to their varied histological appearances. Here are some conditions that should be considered in the differential diagnosis for granulosa cell tumors:
- Cellular fibromas: These are more common in the differential diagnosis for adult-type GCTs and typically present as large, solid masses with a storiform growth pattern.
- Low-grade stromal sarcomas: These can mimic the appearance of GCTs on low power magnification, but can be distinguished by their higher nuclear grade and mitotic activity.
- Small cell carcinomas: These are highly malignant tumors that can present as small, solid masses with a high nuclear grade and mitotic activity.
- Carcinoid tumors: These are rare, slow-growing tumors that can present as small, solid masses with a characteristic "salt and pepper" appearance under the microscope.
Key Features to Consider
When considering the differential diagnosis for granulosa cell tumors, it's essential to examine the following features:
- Histological pattern: GCTs can exhibit a range of histological patterns, including microfollicular, macrofollicular, trabecular, insular, solid-tubular, gyriform, and diffuse (sarcomatoid) patterns.
- Cellular morphology: The cells in GCTs are typically basophilic and spindled with oblong nuclei that lack grooves.
- Mitotic activity: GCTs can exhibit a range of mitotic activities, from low to high.
References
- [3] Cellular fibromas may have a diffuse growth pattern but often have areas of storiform growth. Tumor cells are basophilic and spindled, with oblong nuclei that lack grooves.
- [6] Differential diagnosis for granulosa cell tumors include low-grade stromal sarcomas, small cell carcinomas, and carcinoid tumors.
- [12] The radiologic appearance of sex cord-stromal tumors varies from small solid masses to large multicystic masses. Granulosa cell tumors are usually large multicystic masses with solid components.
Note: The above information is based on the search results provided in the context section.
Additional Differential Diagnoses
Additional Information
- oboInOwl#hasOBONamespace
- disease_ontology
- oboInOwl#id
- DOID:2999
- core#notation
- DOID:2999
- oboInOwl#hasAlternativeId
- DOID:5333
- oboInOwl#hasDbXref
- UMLS_CUI:C0334401
- IAO_0000115
- A sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor that has_material_basis_in granulosa cells and arises from the sex cord stroma.
- oboInOwl#hasExactSynonym
- malignant granulosa cell neoplasm
- rdf-schema#label
- granulosa cell tumor
- oboInOwl#inSubset
- http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/doid#NCIthesaurus
- rdf-schema#subClassOf
- http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/DOID_5331
- 22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
- http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class
- rdf-schema#domain
- https://w3id.org/def/predibionto#has_symptom_10083
- owl#annotatedSource
- t423291
Medical Disclaimer: The information provided on this website is for general informational and educational purposes only.
It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with questions about your medical condition.