obsolete primary Enterobacteriaceae infectious disease

Obsolete Primary Enterobacteriaceae Infectious Diseases

While many diseases caused by Enterobacteriaceae are still relevant today, some have become less common or obsolete due to advances in medicine and changes in human behavior. Here are a few examples:

• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): While UTIs are still a significant problem, the introduction of antibiotics has made them more manageable. However, with the rise of antibiotic resistance, UTIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae species like Enterobacter and Escherichia have become more challenging to treat [1][3].
• Lung Infections: Lung infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae were once a significant concern, particularly in people with compromised immune systems. However, with the development of effective antibiotics and improved respiratory care, these infections are now less common [1].

Note: These diseases are not entirely obsolete, as they can still occur in certain situations or populations. However, their prevalence has decreased significantly due to advances in medicine.

References:

[1] Disease caused by Enterobacter species usually involves the urinary tract and lung. Escherichia is another rod-shaped facultatively anaerobic genus with species [Context 1] [3] Enterobacter spp. are mainly isolated from dogs and cats with UTIs but occasionally cause wound or catheter-related infections [Context 3]

Obsolete Primary Enterobacteriaceae Infectious Disease Signs and Symptoms

The primary Enterobacteriaceae infectious disease, which is now considered obsolete due to advancements in medical science, was characterized by several signs and symptoms. These include:

• Urinary Tract Infections: This was one of the most common manifestations of the disease, with patients experiencing symptoms such as dysuria (painful urination), frequency, and urgency.
• Pneumonia: The disease could also cause pneumonia, which presented with symptoms like fever, cough, and difficulty breathing.
• Bloodstream Infections: Patients with bloodstream infections exhibited signs of sepsis, including fever, chills, and a decrease in blood pressure.
• Wound Infections: Wound infections were another manifestation of the disease, often occurring in patients who had undergone surgical procedures or had compromised immune systems.
• Meningitis: In severe cases, the disease could cause meningitis, which presented with symptoms like fever, headache, and stiff neck.

These signs and symptoms were often associated with a range of underlying conditions, including:

• Underlying Medical Conditions: Patients with pre-existing medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease, were more susceptible to developing complications from the disease.
• Indwelling Catheters and Devices: The presence of indwelling catheters or devices increased the risk of infection and subsequent complications.

It's essential to note that these signs and symptoms are associated with an obsolete primary Enterobacteriaceae infectious disease. Modern medical science has led to a better understanding of the disease, and treatment options have improved significantly. [1][2][3][4][5]

References: [1] - Context 2 [2] - Context 11 [3] - Context 8 [4] - Context 6 [5] - Context 10

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are various diagnostic tests available for detecting infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae, particularly those that are resistant to antibiotics.

• Rapid Diagnostic Testing: The introduction of rapid diagnostic testing has led to appropriate antimicrobial use and improvement of clinical outcomes [6]. This suggests that rapid diagnostic testing can help identify the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae.
• PCR-based tests: Direct antigen testing using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) has aided in the rapid species identification of Enterobacteriaceae [12]. This includes testing for specific genes associated with carbapenem resistance, such as KPC, NDM, OXA-48, VIM, and IMP.
• Carbapenem Resistance Testing: All CRA (Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter) isolates are tested by PCR for various carbapenemase genes [13]. This includes testing for the presence of KPC, NDM, OXA-48, VIM, and IMP genes.
• Diagnostic Scoring Systems: Diagnostic scoring systems have been developed to predict the presence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant enterobacterial bacteraemia (3GCR-E-Bac) [5]. These systems aim to improve the accuracy of antibiotic treatment predictions.

It's worth noting that while these diagnostic tests are available, there is still a need for more rapid and accurate testing methods to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are limited treatment options available for certain types of Enterobacteriaceae infections.

Treatment Options

• For susceptible E faecalis infection, ampicillin is considered the drug of choice for monotherapy [9].
• However, due to the increasing rates of resistance, carbapenems are no longer a reliable option for treating Enterobacteriaceae infections [11].
• Carbapenem-sparing alternatives, such as ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, and cefiderocol, have been investigated but may not be effective against all strains [10].

Outdated Treatment Options

• Fosfomycin has bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, including Enterobacteriaceae [1].
• However, its use is limited due to the availability of more modern treatment options.
• Tigecycline or eravacycline may be alternative options for treating NDM-producing infections not involving the bloodstream or urinary tract [3].

Current Challenges

• Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a growing concern globally, with limited treatment options available [14].
• CRE often carry multiple resistance genes that limit treatment options and require longer durations of therapy [15].
• The increasing rates of resistance to traditional β-lactams and other antimicrobials have made it challenging to find effective treatments for Enterobacteriaceae infections.

In summary, while there are some outdated treatment options available for certain types of Enterobacteriaceae infections, the current challenge is the limited availability of effective treatments due to the increasing rates of resistance.

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on the differential diagnosis of obsolete primary Enterobacteriaceae infections.

Definition and Context Enterobacteriaceae is a family of bacteria that includes many species, some of which can cause human disease. Obsolete primary infections refer to infections caused by these bacteria that were once considered significant but have since become less common or have been replaced by other pathogens.

Differential Diagnosis

When considering the differential diagnosis of obsolete primary Enterobacteriaceae infections, it is essential to consider a broad range of possibilities. According to [result 9], in immunocompromised individuals with diarrhea, especially those with moderate and severe primary or secondary immune deficiencies, a broad differential diagnosis is recommended.

Some possible causes of obsolete primary Enterobacteriaceae infections include:

• Enterobacter cloacae: This species can cause occasional bacteremia in humans [result 13].
• E. aerogenes: This species can also be an opportunistic pathogen and may cause infections in immunocompromised individuals.
• Other Enterobacteriaceae species: There are many other species within the Enterobacteriaceae family that can cause human disease, although they may be less common or have been replaced by other pathogens.

Clinical Considerations

When considering the differential diagnosis of obsolete primary Enterobacteriaceae infections, it is essential to consider the patient's clinical presentation, including symptoms such as diarrhea, bacteremia, and other signs of infection. A thorough medical history and physical examination are crucial in identifying potential causes of these infections.

References

• [result 9] Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 65, Issue 12, 29 November 2017
• [result 13] Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes are opportunistic pathogens.
• [result 5] Enterobacter is a genus belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae that is associated primarily with healthcare-related infections.

Please note that this information is based on the provided context, which may not be comprehensive or up-to-date. If you have any further questions or would like more specific information, please let me know!