obsolete nephrotic syndrome with lesion of persistent glomerulonephritis

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on an outdated or obsolete concept related to nephrotic syndrome and its association with persistent glomerulonephritis.

While I couldn't find any specific information on "obsolete nephrotic syndrome" in the search results, I did come across some relevant details about nephrotic syndrome and its relationship with glomerulonephritis.

Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by excessive loss of protein in the urine, leading to low blood protein levels, high cholesterol, and swelling (edema) [15]. This condition can result from damage to the renal vascular filtration apparatus, which may be caused by various factors, including glomerulonephritis [10].

Glomerulonephritis is a disease that affects the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys. It can lead to chronic inflammatory reactions in the glomerular capillaries and result in proteinuria, edema, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia [10]. In some cases, glomerulonephritis may be associated with nephrotic syndrome.

However, I couldn't find any specific information on "obsolete" or outdated concepts related to nephrotic syndrome and its association with persistent glomerulonephritis. It's possible that the term you are looking for is not relevant or has been replaced by more modern terminology.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "obsolete nephrotic syndrome," I may be able to help further.

Signs and Symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome with Lesion of Persistent Glomerulonephritis

Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by the loss of large amounts of protein in the urine, leading to low blood protein levels. When this condition is associated with persistent glomerulonephritis, it can lead to various signs and symptoms.

Common Symptoms:

• Proteinuria: Large amounts (greater than 3.5 grams) of albumin in the urine [10].
• Edema: Swelling, usually in the legs, feet, or ankles, which may also occur in the hands or face [15].
• Hyperlipidemia: High fat and cholesterol levels in the blood [10].

Other Signs:

• Hematuria: Blood in the urine, although this is less common when lesions are predominantly chronic [5].
• Hypertension: High blood pressure, which can be a complication of nephrotic syndrome [9].
• Renal failure: In severe cases, kidney function may decline, leading to renal failure [9].

Complications:

• Dyslipidemia: Prolonged dyslipidemia in nephrotic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events [11].
• Chronic damage: Signs of chronic damage, including glomerular sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy can be found in longstanding disease [8].

Poor Long-term Outcomes:

• Persistent proteinuria: Despite treatment, persistent proteinuria indicates poor long-term outcomes [14].

Based on the search results, it appears that you are looking for diagnostic tests for an outdated form of nephrotic syndrome associated with persistent glomerulonephritis.

Note: The term "obsolete" is not explicitly mentioned in the search results. However, I will assume that you are referring to a specific type of nephrotic syndrome that was previously recognized but is no longer considered current or relevant.

According to search result [4], Glomerulonephritides (GN) are relatively rare kidney diseases with substantial morbidity and mortality. They are often difficult to treat, sometimes with no cure, and can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage kidney disease (ESKD).

Diagnostic Tests:

• Kidney biopsy is the diagnostic procedure of choice for glomerulonephritides, as mentioned in search result [4]. It helps identify the exact cause of the disease.
• Other diagnostic tests that may be used to diagnose glomerulonephritis include:
  • Urinalysis (search result [13]): This can help detect abnormalities such as proteinuria, hematuria, or WBCs and casts.
  • Blood tests (search result [14]): These can help identify specific antibodies or markers associated with certain types of glomerulonephritis.

Lesion of Persistent Glomerulonephritis:

• Search result [9] mentions that the primary lesion of crescentic glomerulonephritis results from destroying the glomerular capillary wall and accumulating parietal and visceral epithelial cells in the Bowman space, forming a crescent.
• However, it is essential to note that this information may not be directly relevant to an "obsolete" form of nephrotic syndrome.

Conclusion:

While I have found some general information on diagnostic tests for glomerulonephritides and kidney biopsy, I must emphasize that the term "obsolete nephrotic syndrome with lesion of persistent glomerulonephritis" is not explicitly mentioned in the search results. Therefore, it is challenging to provide a specific answer to your question.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "obsolete nephrotic syndrome," I would be happy to try and assist you further.

Based on the search results, it appears that there are various treatment options for nephrotic syndrome associated with persistent glomerulonephritis.

• Cyclosporin: This immunosuppressive drug has been used in the treatment of idiopathic glomerular disease associated with the nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children and adults since 1985 [7][5]. It can be effective in reducing proteinuria and improving kidney function.
• Rituximab: This monoclonal antibody has been shown to be an effective tool in overcoming dependence on calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in patients with membranous nephropathy (MGN), thus avoiding the risk of CNI-related side effects [1][3]. It can also be used as an alternative to current immunosuppressive therapies for difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome.
• FK 506 mono-therapy: This treatment option has been explored in patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, and it has shown promise in reducing proteinuria and improving kidney function [2].
• Immunosuppression: In patients who have worsening proteinuria or persistent nephrotic syndrome or persistent or rising anti-PLA2R antibodies, immunosuppression may be indicated [6].

It's worth noting that the treatment of choice for nephrotic syndrome associated with persistent glomerulonephritis can vary depending on individual patient factors and disease severity. A comprehensive approach to treatment, including a combination of medications and lifestyle modifications, is often necessary to manage this condition effectively.

References: [1] by A Segarra · 2009 [2] by J McCauley · 1993

Differential Diagnosis of Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a constellation of symptoms that can be caused by several renal diseases. The challenge is to determine the underlying etiology causing the nephrotic syndrome in any given patient [11]. In cases where the nephrotic syndrome is associated with a lesion of persistent glomerulonephritis, the differential diagnosis involves identifying the specific cause of the glomerulonephritis.

Primary versus Secondary Causes

The differential diagnoses will include primary versus secondary causes depending on the age group and clinical picture [13]. Primary glomerulonephritis presenting as nephrotic syndrome in young patients is likely to be minimal change disease, while in adults, membranous variety is more likely. However, other causes such as crescentic glomerulonephritis should also be considered.

Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

The primary lesion of crescentic glomerulonephritis results from destroying the glomerular capillary wall and accumulating parietal and visceral epithelial cells in the Bowman space, forming a crescent [14]. This condition is characterized by rapid decline in kidney function and nephrotic syndrome. Other causes of reversible acute kidney injury, proteinuria, and hematuria should be ruled out when diagnosing RPGN.

Classification Schema

The etiology of glomerulonephritis can be classified by their clinical presentation (nephrotic, nephritic, rapidly progressive GN, chronic GN) or by histopathology [15]. Using a classification schema is helpful to narrow the causes of GN in a systematic manner. This approach will aid in identifying the underlying cause of the nephrotic syndrome with lesion of persistent glomerulonephritis.

Additional Considerations

A renal biopsy at the time of diagnosis is indicated for patients who have macroscopic hematuria, severe hypertension, persistent renal insufficiency, or a low serum albumin level [7]. A kidney biopsy may not be needed to secure a diagnosis in cases where the underlying pathology is suspected based on clinical presentation and laboratory findings.

References: [11] Nephrotic syndrome is not a single disease; it is a constellation of several symptoms that can be caused by several renal diseases. [13] Primary glomerulonephritis presenting as nephrotic syndrome in young patients is likely to be minimal change disease, while in adults, membranous variety is more likely. [14] The primary lesion of crescentic glomerulonephritis results from destroying the glomerular capillary wall and accumulating parietal and visceral epithelial cells in the Bowman space, forming a crescent. [15] The etiology of glomerulonephritis can be classified by their clinical presentation (nephrotic, nephritic, rapidly progressive GN, chronic GN) or by histopathology.