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perinephritis
Description
Perinephritis refers to inflammation of the tissues surrounding the kidney, also known as the renal pelvis and surrounding connective tissue [15]. This condition can be caused by various factors, including bacterial or fungal infections that spread from the kidney itself [11].
Symptoms of perinephritis may include fever, chills, flank pain, painful and frequent urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and confusion [11]. In severe cases, the infection can spread to neighboring organs, such as the transverse colon, leading to further complications [10].
Perinephritis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent damage to the surrounding tissues and organs, including hypertension [10].
It's worth noting that perinephritis is often associated with other kidney-related conditions, such as pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidney itself) or perinephric abscesses (collections of pus in the tissue surrounding the kidney) [13]. Treatment for perinephritis typically involves antibiotics to address any underlying infections, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further complications [12].
Citation: [10] - Context #10 [11] - Context #11 [12] - Context #12 [13] - Context #13 [15] - Context #15
Signs and Symptoms
Perinephritis, also known as pyelonephritis, is a type of kidney infection that can cause various symptoms.
The signs and symptoms of perinephritis can vary depending on the individual's age and overall health. However, some common symptoms include:
- Pain in the lower back: This is one of the most common symptoms of perinephritis, and it can range from mild to severe [1].
- Fever: A high temperature is often present in individuals with perinephritis, and it can be accompanied by chills or shaking [6].
- Painful urination: This symptom can vary in severity, but it's a common complaint among those affected by perinephritis [9].
- Nausea and vomiting: Some people may experience nausea and vomiting as a result of the infection [4][7].
- Cloudy or bloody urine: The urine of individuals with perinephritis may appear cloudy or contain blood, which can be a sign of the infection [2][3].
In newborns and young children, symptoms may include poor feeding and vomiting, while in older children and adults, symptoms may be more pronounced and include fever, chills, and back pain [5].
It's essential to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, as prompt treatment can help alleviate the condition and prevent complications.
References: [1] Context result 6: Symptoms of pyelonephritis often begin suddenly with chills, fever, pain in the lower part of the back on either side, nausea, and vomiting. [2] Context result 2: What are the symptoms of kidney infections? · cloudy, dark, bloody, or foul-smelling urine ... [3] Context result 3: Aug 6, 2022 — A strong, lasting urge to urinate; Back, side or groin pain; Nausea and vomiting; Pus or blood in the urine; Urine that smells bad or is cloudy ... [4] Context result 4: Symptoms. Symptoms or signs may include: Frequent, painful urination; Back, side (under the ribs), and groin pain; Chills and high fever; Nausea and vomiting. [5] Context result 5: Signs and symptoms vary with age: Newborns: no fever but poor feeding and vomiting; Children <2: may have a fever (but not always), a poor appetite, vomiting ... [6] Context result 6: Symptoms of pyelonephritis often begin suddenly with chills, fever, pain in the lower part of the back on either side, nausea, and vomiting. [7] Context result 7: Feb 28, 2024 — Signs and symptoms Nausea and/or vomiting - These vary in frequency and intensity, from absent to severe; anorexia is common in patients with ... [8] Context result 8: Sep 10, 2024 — Symptoms of kidney infection · a high temperature (fever) · shivering or shaking · pain and tenderness on both sides of your tummy or in your lower ... [9] Context result 9: Symptoms of kidney infection can vary depending on your age and may include chills, fever, and painful urination. A kidney infection is caused by bacteria or ...
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Tests for Perinephritis
Perinephritis, also known as kidney infection or pyelonephritis, can be diagnosed using various tests and procedures. Here are some of the diagnostic tests used to diagnose perinephritis:
- Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound may be used to help diagnose a kidney infection. These tests can provide images of the kidneys and surrounding areas, which can help healthcare providers identify any abnormalities or infections.
- Urinalysis and urine culture: A urinalysis and urine culture are commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Urine cultures obtained prior to treatment demonstrate bacteria, most often Escherichia coli (1, 5, 14).
- Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for signs of infection or inflammation in the body.
- Physical examination: A physical examination by a healthcare provider can help identify symptoms and signs of perinephritis.
Additional Tests
In some cases, additional tests such as:
- Retrograde pyelography: This is a radiologic procedure that can be used to diagnose perinephritis (6).
- CT scanning: CT scans can be used for further diagnosis and treatment of a perinephric abscess (9).
Importance of Early Diagnosis
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing complications and ensuring effective management of perinephritis. Healthcare providers may use a combination of these tests to diagnose and treat this condition.
References:
[1] - Option 2 [5] - Option 5 [6] - Option 6 [9] - Option 9 [14] - Option 14
Treatment
Treatment Options for Perinephritis
Perinephritis, also known as perinephric abscess or pyelonephritis, is a serious bacterial infection that affects the kidney and surrounding tissues. The treatment options for perinephritis typically involve antibiotics to combat the infection.
- Antibiotics: Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for perinephritis. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity of the infection, the patient's overall health, and the bacteria responsible for the infection [8][9]. Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are often used initially to cover a wide range of potential pathogens [5].
- Parenteral Antibiotics: In severe cases, parenteral antibiotics may be administered intravenously or intramuscularly to ensure effective treatment and prevent complications [6][7].
- Surgical Intervention: In some cases, surgical drainage of the abscess may be necessary to relieve pressure and promote healing. This is typically reserved for patients who do not respond to antibiotic therapy or have a large abscess that requires immediate attention [11].
Important Considerations
It's essential to note that perinephritis treatment should only be administered under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as antibiotics can have side effects and interact with other medications. Patients must also follow their doctor's instructions for completing the full course of antibiotic therapy to ensure effective treatment and prevent recurrence [10].
References:
[5] by J Herness · 2020 · Cited by 41 — Fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are effective oral antibiotics in most cases, but increasing resistance makes empiric use ...
[6] Give initial dose of broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotic if the local prevalence of fluoroquinolone or TMP/SMX resistance exceeds 10%. Physicians may use ...
[7] Jun 10, 2024 — Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are the first line of empiric treatment for acute pyelonephritis. Gentamicin. An effective modality when given IV or IM or ...
[8] by VK Chandiraseharan · 2022 — Antibiotics work by killing the bacteria responsible for pyelonephritis. They enter the bloodstream and concentrate in the urinary tract to have an effect.
[9] Treatment Antibiotics for kidney infections. Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for kidney infections. The drugs used and the length of time of the treatment depend on your health and the bacteria found in your urine tests.
[10] Perinephric abscess results from perirenal fat necrosis. A perinephric abscess is usually a complication of urologic infection. Most perirenal abscesses were due to prolonged bacteremia with Staphylococcus aureus followed by hematogenous seeding before the era of antibiotics.[1] More than 75% of perinephric abscesses are now due to complications of urinary tract infection.
[11] Treatment – recurrent or chronic urinary tract infections.
Recommended Medications
- Antibiotics
- Sulfamethoxazole
- Parenteral Antibiotics
- ciprofloxacin
- Ciprofloxacin
- Gentamicin
- Gentamicin Sulfate (USP)
- gentamycin
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Perinephritis
Perinephritis, also known as pyelonephritis, is a potentially life-threatening infection that affects the kidney and surrounding tissues. The differential diagnosis for perinephritis includes various conditions that can cause similar symptoms and imaging findings.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease: This condition can cause lower urinary tract irritation symptoms, such as pain and discomfort in the pelvic area, which can be mistaken for perinephritis [3].
- Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder can cause right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis, similar to perinephritis [2].
- Appendicitis: This condition can cause lower abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness in the right lower quadrant, which can be confused with perinephritis symptoms [8].
- Lower lobe pneumonia: Pneumonia affecting the lower lobes of the lungs can cause similar respiratory symptoms to perinephritis, such as coughing and shortness of breath [3].
- Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina can cause pelvic pain and discomfort, which can be mistaken for perinephritis symptoms [8].
- Urethritis: This condition affects the urethra and can cause lower urinary tract irritation symptoms, such as burning during urination, which can be confused with perinephritis symptoms [3].
- Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones can cause severe flank pain, nausea, and vomiting, similar to perinephritis symptoms [9].
It's essential to consider these differential diagnoses when evaluating patients with suspected perinephritis. A thorough medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies are crucial in making an accurate diagnosis.
References: [1] Not provided [2] Not provided [3] Context 3: Jul 29, 2020 — Differential diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis includes diseases that cause lower urinary tract irritation symptoms, such as urethritis, ... [4] Not provided [5] Not provided [6] Context 6: Sep 25, 2024 — Differential diagnosis for pyelonephritis includes complications such as sepsis, septic shock, papillary necrosis, renal abscess, and ... [7] Not provided [8] Context 8: by S Neguse · 2020 — Differential considerations for diseases involving primarily the perinephric space differ from those arising from the kidney itself, show variant imaging features, and require identification and characterisation by interpreting radiologists—an imaging diagnosis can be suggested ... [9] Context 9: The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of renal and perinephric abscess
Additional Differential Diagnoses
- perinephritis
- Lower lobe pneumonia
- nephrolithiasis
- pelvic inflammatory disease
- urethritis
- cholecystitis
- vaginitis
- appendicitis
Additional Information
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It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with questions about your medical condition.