ICD-10: B77

Ascariasis, classified under ICD-10 code B77, is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This condition is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and is particularly common in tropical and subtropical regions. Below is a detailed clinical description and relevant information regarding ascariasis.

Clinical Description of Ascariasis

Etiology

Ascariasis is caused by the ingestion of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, which are typically found in contaminated food or water. The eggs hatch in the intestines, releasing larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs. After maturing in the lungs, the larvae are coughed up and swallowed, returning to the intestines where they develop into adult worms.

Epidemiology

Ascariasis is one of the most common human helminthic infections, affecting millions worldwide. It is particularly prevalent in regions with inadequate sanitation, where human feces are used as fertilizer, leading to soil contamination with eggs. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 1.5 billion people are infected globally, with the highest prevalence in children.

Symptoms

Many individuals with ascariasis are asymptomatic; however, when symptoms do occur, they can include:

• Abdominal pain: Often crampy and may be accompanied by nausea.
• Diarrhea: Can be intermittent and may contain worms.
• Weight loss: Due to malabsorption of nutrients.
• Respiratory symptoms: Such as cough, wheezing, or shortness of breath, particularly during the larval migration phase.
• Intestinal obstruction: In severe cases, a large number of worms can lead to blockage.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ascariasis typically involves:

• Stool examination: Microscopic identification of Ascaris eggs in stool samples.
• Imaging studies: Such as ultrasound or CT scans, may be used to identify adult worms or complications like intestinal obstruction.

Treatment

The primary treatment for ascariasis involves the use of anthelmintic medications, such as:

• Albendazole: A common choice that is effective against a variety of helminths.
• Mebendazole: Another effective option for treating ascariasis.

Complications

While ascariasis is often treatable, complications can arise, particularly in cases of heavy infection. These may include:

• Intestinal obstruction: Resulting from a large mass of worms.
• Pancreatitis: Rarely, worms may migrate to the pancreatic duct.
• Biliary obstruction: Worms can also migrate to the bile ducts, causing complications.

Conclusion

Ascariasis, represented by ICD-10 code B77, is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. Understanding its clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial for effective management and prevention of this parasitic infection. Public health initiatives aimed at improving sanitation and hygiene practices are essential in reducing the incidence of ascariasis and its associated complications.

Ascariasis, classified under ICD-10 code B77, is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This condition is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and is particularly common in tropical and subtropical regions. Understanding the clinical presentation, signs, symptoms, and patient characteristics associated with ascariasis is crucial for effective diagnosis and management.

Clinical Presentation

Signs and Symptoms

The clinical presentation of ascariasis can vary significantly depending on the severity of the infection and the stage of the parasite's life cycle. Symptoms may be absent in mild cases, but as the infection progresses, the following signs and symptoms may manifest:

1. Gastrointestinal Symptoms:
   - Abdominal Pain: Patients often report cramping or discomfort in the abdominal region.
   - Nausea and Vomiting: These symptoms can occur, particularly in cases of intestinal obstruction.
   - Diarrhea: Some patients may experience diarrhea, which can be intermittent.
   - Malnutrition: Chronic infections can lead to malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies, especially in children.

2. Respiratory Symptoms:
   - Cough: During the larval migration phase, patients may develop a cough as the larvae travel through the lungs.
   - Wheezing and Shortness of Breath: These symptoms can occur due to allergic reactions to the larvae or secondary infections.

3. Systemic Symptoms:
   - Fever: A low-grade fever may be present, particularly during the acute phase of the infection.
   - Fatigue: General malaise and fatigue are common, especially in chronic cases.

Complications

In severe cases, ascariasis can lead to complications such as:
- Intestinal Obstruction: This can occur when a large number of worms accumulate in the intestines, leading to blockage.
- Pancreatitis: Migration of the worms can cause inflammation of the pancreas.
- Perforation of the Intestine: In rare cases, the presence of worms can lead to perforation, resulting in peritonitis.

Patient Characteristics

Demographics

Ascariasis predominantly affects:
- Children: The highest prevalence is observed in children aged 1 to 10 years, primarily due to their increased exposure to contaminated soil and poor hygiene practices.
- Individuals in Low-Socioeconomic Settings: Populations in areas with inadequate sanitation and hygiene are at a higher risk of infection.

Risk Factors

Several factors contribute to the risk of ascariasis:
- Poor Sanitation: Lack of access to clean water and proper sewage disposal increases the likelihood of infection.
- Geographic Location: Ascariasis is more common in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
- Cultural Practices: Certain agricultural practices, such as the use of human feces as fertilizer, can facilitate the transmission of the parasite.

Conclusion

Ascariasis, represented by ICD-10 code B77, presents a range of clinical symptoms primarily affecting the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The condition is most prevalent among children and individuals living in areas with poor sanitation. Recognizing the signs and symptoms, along with understanding the patient demographics and risk factors, is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. Effective management often involves antiparasitic medications and addressing underlying sanitation issues to prevent reinfection.

Ascariasis, classified under ICD-10 code B77, is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This condition is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and is often associated with inadequate hygiene practices. Below are alternative names and related terms associated with Ascariasis.

Alternative Names for Ascariasis

1. Ascaris Infection: This term directly refers to the infection caused by the Ascaris lumbricoides worm.
2. Roundworm Infection: A broader term that encompasses infections caused by various species of roundworms, including Ascaris.
3. Intestinal Ascariasis: This specifies the location of the infection within the intestines, which is the primary site for Ascaris infestation.
4. Ascariasis Lumbricoides: A more scientific nomenclature that includes the species name, emphasizing the causative agent.

Related Terms

1. Helminthiasis: A general term for infections caused by helminths (parasitic worms), which includes ascariasis as one of its types.
2. Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH): Ascariasis is one of the major soil-transmitted helminth infections, along with hookworm and whipworm infections.
3. Parasitic Infection: A broader category that includes various infections caused by parasites, including protozoa and helminths.
4. Nematode Infection: Since Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode, this term can be used to describe infections caused by this type of worm.

Conclusion

Understanding the alternative names and related terms for Ascariasis can enhance communication among healthcare professionals and improve patient education. Recognizing these terms is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiological studies related to this common parasitic infection. If you have further questions or need more specific information, feel free to ask!

Ascariasis, caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, is diagnosed using specific clinical criteria and laboratory findings. The ICD-10 code B77 is designated for this condition, and understanding the diagnostic criteria is essential for accurate coding and treatment. Below are the key criteria used for diagnosing ascariasis:

Clinical Presentation

1. Symptoms: Patients may present with a variety of symptoms, which can include:
   - Abdominal pain
   - Nausea and vomiting
   - Diarrhea
   - Malnutrition or weight loss
   - Respiratory symptoms (in cases of larval migration to the lungs) such as cough or wheezing

2. Epidemiological Factors: A history of exposure to contaminated soil or food, particularly in areas where ascariasis is endemic, is a significant factor in diagnosis. This includes:
   - Living in or traveling to regions with poor sanitation
   - Consumption of raw or undercooked vegetables or fruits that may be contaminated with eggs

Laboratory Diagnosis

1. Stool Examination: The primary method for diagnosing ascariasis is through the identification of Ascaris eggs in the stool. This is typically done using:
   - Microscopic examination of stool samples
   - Concentration techniques to enhance egg detection

2. Imaging Studies: In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans may be utilized to identify adult worms or complications arising from the infection, such as intestinal obstruction.

3. Serological Tests: Although not commonly used, serological tests can sometimes assist in diagnosis by detecting antibodies against Ascaris.

Differential Diagnosis

It is crucial to differentiate ascariasis from other gastrointestinal or respiratory conditions that may present with similar symptoms. Conditions to consider include:
- Other helminth infections
- Gastroenteritis
- Intestinal obstruction due to other causes
- Respiratory infections

Conclusion

The diagnosis of ascariasis (ICD-10 code B77) relies on a combination of clinical symptoms, epidemiological history, and laboratory findings, particularly stool examination for Ascaris eggs. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and management of the infection, which may include antiparasitic medications such as albendazole or mebendazole. Understanding these criteria helps healthcare providers ensure proper coding and treatment protocols for affected patients.

Ascariasis, classified under ICD-10 code B77, is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This condition is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and is particularly common in tropical and subtropical regions. The standard treatment approaches for ascariasis primarily involve pharmacological interventions, along with supportive care and preventive measures.

Pharmacological Treatment

Anthelmintic Medications

The cornerstone of ascariasis treatment is the use of anthelmintic medications, which are specifically designed to eliminate parasitic worms from the body. The most commonly used medications include:

1. Albendazole: This is often the first-line treatment for ascariasis. It works by inhibiting the worm's ability to absorb glucose, leading to its eventual death. A typical dosage is 400 mg taken as a single dose for adults and children over two years of age[1].

2. Mebendazole: Another effective anthelmintic, mebendazole is also administered as a single dose of 500 mg for adults and children over two years. It functions similarly to albendazole by disrupting the worm's energy metabolism[1][2].

3. Ivermectin: While not the first choice for ascariasis, ivermectin may be used in certain cases, particularly in areas where other treatments are not available. It works by paralyzing the worms, which are then expelled from the body[2].

Treatment Duration and Follow-Up

Typically, a single dose of these medications is sufficient to treat ascariasis effectively. However, follow-up is essential to ensure that the infection has been cleared, especially in endemic areas where reinfection is common. In some cases, repeat treatment may be necessary if symptoms persist or if follow-up stool examinations indicate ongoing infection[1].

Supportive Care

In addition to pharmacological treatment, supportive care may be necessary, particularly in cases of severe infection. This can include:

• Nutritional Support: Patients, especially children, may require nutritional support to address malnutrition caused by the parasitic infection. This is crucial in areas where ascariasis is prevalent, as the worms can lead to significant nutrient deficiencies[2].

• Management of Complications: In severe cases, ascariasis can lead to complications such as intestinal obstruction or perforation. Surgical intervention may be required in these situations, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and treatment[1].

Preventive Measures

Preventing ascariasis is critical, especially in endemic regions. Key preventive strategies include:

• Improving Sanitation: Ensuring access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities can significantly reduce the transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides.

• Health Education: Educating communities about hygiene practices, such as handwashing and proper food handling, can help prevent infection.

• Regular Deworming Programs: In areas where ascariasis is common, regular deworming programs for children and at-risk populations can help control the spread of the infection[2].

Conclusion

In summary, the standard treatment for ascariasis (ICD-10 code B77) primarily involves the use of anthelmintic medications such as albendazole and mebendazole, with supportive care as needed. Preventive measures play a crucial role in controlling the incidence of this infection, particularly in high-risk areas. Regular follow-up and community education are essential components of effective management and prevention strategies.