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philophthalmiasis
ICD-10 Codes
Related ICD-10:
Description
Philophthalmiasis is a parasitic helminthiasis disease caused by infection with Philophthalmus species, which are small trematodes that primarily infect the eyes of their hosts.
- The disease can present as external ocular philophthalmiasis, where the parasite infects the conjunctival and orbital tissues of the eye [1].
- Philophthalmus spp. are known to parasitize conjunctival and orbital tissues of their typical avian hosts [3].
- In humans, the infection is considered a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans, specifically through contact with infected birds or contaminated water sources.
- The parasite typically infects the Harderian gland, conjunctiva, nictitating membrane, and orbit of the eyes in its hosts [5].
Philophthalmiasis is a relatively rare condition, but it can cause significant discomfort and vision problems if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent complications and ensure proper recovery.
References: [1] - Context result 1 [2] - Not applicable (no relevant information) [3] - Context result 3 [5] - Context result 5
Additional Characteristics
- Philophthalmiasis is a parasitic helminthiasis disease caused by infection with Philophthalmus species.
- The disease can present as external ocular philophthalmiasis, where the parasite infects the conjunctival and orbital tissues of the eye
- Philophthalmus spp. are known to parasitize conjunctival and orbital tissues of their typical avian hosts
- In humans, the infection is considered a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans
- The parasite typically infects the Harderian gland, conjunctiva, nictitating membrane, and orbit of the eyes in its hosts
Signs and Symptoms
Philophthalmiasis, also known as eye fluke infection, can cause a range of symptoms in humans and animals.
Common symptoms include:
- Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva)
- Lacrimation (excessive tearing)
- Nictitating membrane inflammation
- Epiphora (tearing)
- Eyelid edema (swelling)
- Ocular congestion
- Eyeball destruction
These symptoms can occur in both acute and chronic phases of the disease, making diagnosis challenging. In some cases, infection with Philophthalmus gralli might lead to blindness, which can have significant consequences on feed uptake.
Diagnosis is typically made through:
- An ophthalmic exam by a veterinarian
- Visualization of the parasite in the conjunctival sac and under the third eyelid
Treatment usually involves mechanical removal of the parasite with a swab or forceps and/or flushing the conjunctival sac. However, typical deworming medications are not effective against Philophthalmus.
References:
- [4] reports that clinical symptoms for infection included nictitating membrane inflammation, epiphora (tearing), eyelid edema, ocular congestion, eyeball destruction.
- [5] also lists the same clinical symptoms.
- [6] mentions conjunctivitis, lacrimation, and finding an adult worm in the conjunctival sac as characteristic of philophthalmosis.
- [7] notes that diagnosis by fecal examination is unreliable.
Note: The information provided above is based on search results 4, 5, 6, and 7.
Additional Symptoms
- Epiphora
- Lacrimation
- Nictitating membrane inflammation
- Ocular congestion
- Eyeball destruction
- conjunctivitis
- edema
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Tests for Philophthalmiasis
Philophthalmiasis, also known as avian philophthalmosis, can be diagnosed through various diagnostic tests.
- Ophthalmic Exam: A thorough eye examination by a veterinarian is the primary method of diagnosis. This involves visualizing the parasite in the conjunctival sac and under the third eyelid [1].
- Direct Parasitological Techniques: These techniques involve directly examining the parasites from the affected individual, such as through microscopic examination or other non-invasive methods [3].
- Indirect Immunologic Tests: These tests detect the presence of antibodies against the parasite in the blood or other bodily fluids, indicating a past or present infection [3].
- Epidemiological and Clinical Findings: The diagnosis of philophthalmiasis is also based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings associated with the morphological characteristics of the parasite [4], [7].
These diagnostic tests can help confirm the presence of philophthalmiasis in affected individuals.
References: [1] Context 1 [3] Context 3 [4] Context 4 [7] Context 7
Additional Diagnostic Tests
- Ophthalmic Exam
- Direct Parasitological Techniques
- Indirect Immunologic Tests
- Epidemiological and Clinical Findings
Treatment
Treatment Options for Philophthalmiasis
Philophthalmiasis, a parasitic infection caused by the genus Philophthalmus, can be treated with various medications and methods. Here are some of the treatment options available:
- Mechanical removal: In cases of avian philophthalmiasis, the parasite can be removed mechanically from the conjunctival sac and under the third eyelid.
Recommended Medications
- Mechanical removal
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Philophthalmiasis
Philophthalmiasis, a rare eye infection caused by the Oriental Avian Eye Fluke (Philophthalmus gralli), can be challenging to diagnose due to its similarities with other ocular and systemic diseases. The differential diagnosis of philophthalmiasis involves considering several conditions that may present with similar clinical signs.
Conditions to Consider:
- Hydatidosis: A parasitic infection caused by the Echinococcus tapeworm, which can affect various organs, including the eyes.
- Sparganosis: A rare parasitic infection caused by the Spirometra tapeworm, which can also affect the eyes and other organs.
- Fascioliasis: A parasitic infection caused by the Fasciola liver fluke, which can cause eye symptoms due to its systemic effects.
Key Diagnostic Features:
- Conjunctival location: Philophthalmus gralli typically infects the conjunctival sac of birds and humans.
- Large OS and VS: The parasite's large oral sucker (OS) and ventral sucker (VS) are distinctive features that can aid in diagnosis.
- Epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings: A comprehensive diagnostic approach is necessary to confirm philophthalmiasis.
References:
- [3] - The most frequent clinical signs observed in infested birds include conjunctivitis, epiphora, pruritus (itching), blepharitis, ocular discharge, and blepharospasm.
- [5] - Although generic diagnosis of Philophthalmus is straightforward given the salient characteristics of the group (eg, conjunctival location, large OS and VS).
- [7] - The diagnosis of philophthalmiasis was based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings associated with the morphological characteristics of the parasite.
- [9] - The diagnosis of philophthalmiasis was based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings associated with the morphological characteristics of the parasite.
Additional Differential Diagnoses
- Hydatidosis
- sparganosis
- fascioliasis
Additional Information
- relatedICD
- http://example.org/icd10/H04.153
- core#notation
- DOID:0050250
- rdf-schema#label
- philophthalmiasis
- rdf-schema#subClassOf
- t328098
- 22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
- http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class
- rdf-schema#domain
- https://w3id.org/def/predibionto#has_symptom_303
- owl#annotatedSource
- t328160
- oboInOwl#hasOBONamespace
- disease_ontology
- oboInOwl#id
- DOID:0050250
- IAO_0000115
- A parasitic helminthiasis infectious disease that involves parasitic infection of the eyes by Philophthalmus species. External ocular philophthalmiasis manifests as follicular conjunctivitis and superficial keratitis. Sub-conjunctival ocular philophthalmiasis consists of a mild edema with minimal cellular reaction.
- oboInOwl#inSubset
- http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/doid#DO_infectious_disease_slim
- RO_0004026
- http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000970
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