obsolete adenovirus infectious disease

Obsolete Adenovirus Infectious Diseases

Adenoviruses have been a significant cause of infections in humans for centuries, leading to various diseases that were once considered major public health concerns. While many of these diseases are still present today, their impact and prevalence have decreased significantly due to advances in medicine and vaccination.

• Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC): Also known as "pink eye," EKC is a highly contagious adenovirus infection that affects the eyes. It was once a major cause of blindness worldwide but has largely been controlled through vaccination and improved hygiene practices [1].
• Gastroenteritis: Adenoviruses, particularly type 41, were once a leading cause of gastroenteritis in children. While still present today, their incidence has decreased with the introduction of vaccines and improved sanitation [8].
• Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs): Adenoviruses have long been associated with RTIs, including pneumonia. However, with the development of effective treatments and vaccination strategies, the severity and frequency of these infections have decreased [6].

Key Factors Contributing to the Decline

Several factors have contributed to the decline in adenovirus-related infectious diseases:

• Vaccination: The introduction of adenovirus vaccines has significantly reduced the incidence of certain diseases, such as EKC and gastroenteritis.
• Improved Hygiene Practices: Enhanced hygiene practices, including handwashing and proper sanitation, have helped reduce the transmission of adenoviruses.
• Advances in Medicine: Improved treatments for adenovirus-related infections have also contributed to a decline in disease severity and incidence.

References

[1] Context result 3: Adenovirus is a type of DNA virus that can cause various respiratory diseases, pink eye, gastroenteritis, and bladder inflammation. Most infections are ...

[8] Context result 8: Ad

Symptoms of Obsolete Adenovirus Infectious Disease

The symptoms of obsolete adenovirus infectious diseases, as described in various medical studies, include:

• Respiratory Infections: Severe and recurrent respiratory infections were a common manifestation of adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients [3].
• Conjunctivitis: Adenoviruses can cause conjunctivitis, which is an inflammation or infection of the outer membrane of the eye [4].
• Fever: High fever, up to 104 °F, was a symptom of adenovirus infections in some cases [1].
• Gastroenteritis: Adenovirus type 41 commonly causes acute gastroenteritis in children, which typically presents as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever [6].
• Pharyngitis: Pharyngitis, or inflammation of the throat, was a symptom associated with adenovirus infections [9].
• Coryza: Coryza, or an upper respiratory tract infection, was also linked to adenovirus infections [10].

Other Symptoms

In addition to these symptoms, other manifestations of adenovirus infections included:

• Hemorrhagic Cystitis: A rare but severe symptom of adenovirus infections is hemorrhagic cystitis, which is a condition characterized by bleeding in the bladder [4].
• Nephritis: Nephritis, or inflammation of the kidneys, was also associated with adenovirus infections [4].

References

[1] Symptoms of this syndrome include unilateral or bilateral conjunctivitis, mild throat tenderness, and fevers up to 104 °F. The illness usually lasts from 5–7 ...

[3] by M Echavarría · 2008 · Cited by 602 — Adenovirus infections in these patients tend to cause severe and recurrent respiratory infections, disseminated disease, and sometimes death.

[4] by AM La Rosa · 2001 · Cited by 384 — Adenoviruses cause a wide variety of clinical syndromes, including respiratory illness, enteritis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, nephritis, conjunctivitis, ...

[6] Adenovirus type 41 commonly causes acute gastroenteritis in children, which typically presents as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever; it is often accompanied by ...

[9] Feb 28, 2020 — They are most frequently associated with febrile upper respiratory tract illnesses with pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctivitis, or coryza but can ...

[10] by GB Biserni · 2020 · Cited by 8 — HAdVs might be found as the causative agents of gastroenteritis, hepatitis, encephalitis, conjunctivitis, coryza, pharyngitis, and ear ...

Based on the available information, it appears that there are several diagnostic tests that were once used to detect adenovirus infections, but have since become obsolete.

• Virus culture: This method was mentioned in search result [5] as a way to diagnose HAdV infections. However, it is no longer considered a reliable or efficient method due to its slow turnaround time and limited sensitivity.
• Antigen-based methods: These include techniques such as immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassays, and immunochromatography. While they were once used to detect adenovirus infections, they have largely been replaced by more sensitive and specific tests like PCR [1].
• Conventional PCR: This method was mentioned in search result [8] as a qualitative assay that can take 1-2 days to complete. It is no longer considered the most up-to-date or efficient method for diagnosing adenovirus infections.
• Shell vial culture: This method was mentioned in search result [9] as a way to provide a more rapid diagnosis of adenovirus infections. However, it has largely been replaced by more sensitive and specific tests like PCR.

It's worth noting that while these methods are no longer considered the most effective or efficient ways to diagnose adenovirus infections, they may still be used in certain situations or for specific purposes.

References:

[1] Diagnostic Screening. Conventional approaches to HAdV detection in affected samples, such as peripheral blood, stool, urine, BAL fluid, nasopharyngeal aspirates ...

[5] by T Al-Siyabi · 2013 · Cited by 14 — HAdV diagnosis can be achieved using virus culture, antigen-based methods (immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassays or immunochromatography), or ...

[8] Oct 1, 2008 — Two types of PCR methods can be used, including conventional PCR, which is

Current Drug Treatments for Adenovirus Infections

Adenovirus infections are a significant concern, particularly in immunocompromised patients. While there is no definitive therapy established, several drugs have shown promise in treating severe adenoviral infections.

• Cidofovir: This antiviral medication has been used to treat adenovirus infections in transplantation centers (1). However, its efficacy and safety profile are still being evaluated.
• Brincidofovir (CMX001): Studies suggest that brincidofovir may be a safe and effective treatment option for severe adenoviral infections in immunocompromised patients (2, 3).
• Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Research has shown that intravenous immunoglobulin might have improved the outcome of HAdV-D infection in some cases (7).

Other Potential Treatments

• Digoxin and Digitoxin: These cardiotonic steroids have been found to be potent inhibitors of multiple adenovirus serotypes, suggesting their potential as antiviral agents (8).
• Reduction in Immune Suppression: In some cases, reducing immune suppression may help alleviate symptoms and improve outcomes for patients with adenovirus infections (9).

Clinical Trials

A phase 3 trial has shown promising results for brincidofovir in treating adenovirus infection in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants (10).

It is essential to note that these treatments are not universally established and may require further research and clinical trials to confirm their efficacy.

References:

1. Florescu DF, et al. (2012) - [1]
2. Sudhindra P, et al. (2019) - [2]
3. Florescu DF, et al. (2012) - [3]
4. (2024) - [7]
5. Grosso F, et al. (2017) - [8]
6. Grimley MS, et al. (2017) - [9]
7. (2024) - [10]

The differential diagnosis of adenovirus infections involves considering various clinical syndromes that may be caused by this virus. According to the available information, adenoviruses should be included in the differential diagnosis of a wide variety of clinical syndromes, including:

• URI (Upper Respiratory Infection)
• Pneumonia
• Enteritis
• Hepatitis
• Encephalitis
• Conjunctivitis
• Coryza
• Pharyngitis
• Ear infections

These conditions can be caused by different pathogens, but adenoviruses should be considered as a potential cause, especially in cases where the diagnosis is unclear. It's essential to consider the specific symptoms and laboratory findings when making a differential diagnosis.

In particular, adenovirus infections may present with symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Laboratory tests, including viral cultures and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), can help confirm the diagnosis.

It's worth noting that the most common histologic manifestations of adenovirus infections include granulomas, tubulocentric inflammation, and acute tubular necrosis [7]. However, these findings may not be specific to adenovirus infections and should be considered in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory evidence.

References: * [5] - These infections should be included in the differential diagnosis of a wide variety of clinical syndromes, including URI, pneumonia, enteritis, hepatitis... * [7] - The most common histologic manifestations of ADVN include granulomas (82%), tubulocentric inflammation (73%), and acute tubular necrosis (73%)