obsolete fetal disease

Based on the provided context, I was able to find information about several obsolete fetal diseases.

• Obsolete hepatoblastoma with pure fetal epithelial differentiation: This is a rare and outdated term that refers to a type of liver cancer that affects fetuses. It is no longer used in modern medical literature (Source: [4])
• Obsolete premature rupture of the fetal membranes: This term was previously used to describe a condition where the membranes surrounding the fetus break prematurely, but it is now considered obsolete and has been replaced by more accurate terminology (Source: [7])

It's worth noting that these terms are no longer in use and have been replaced by more modern and accurate descriptions of fetal diseases.

References: [4] - Obsolete hepatoblastoma with pure fetal epithelial differentiation. Term ID: DOID:5792 [7] - Obsolete premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Term ID: DOID:11215

Based on the provided context, it appears that you are looking for information on the signs and symptoms of an outdated term "fetal distress". However, I found some relevant information related to this topic.

Fetal distress was a condition that occurred during pregnancy or labor when the fetus did not have adequate oxygenation. Although the term is considered obsolete, its replacement, "non-reassuring fetal status", still refers to a similar condition.

According to search result [10], the most common signs of fetal distress (or non-reassuring fetal status) are:

• Changes in the fetal heart rate (lower or higher rate than normal)
• The fetus moves less for an extended period of time
• Low amniotic fluid

Additionally, search result [9] mentions that aPL (antiphospholipid syndrome) can cause recurrent embryonic loss, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress, severe pre-eclampsia, and pregnancy complications.

It's essential to note that the term "fetal distress" is no longer used in medical practice due to its imprecise nature. The more accurate term, "non-reassuring fetal status", has replaced it.

References: * [10] - Describes the common signs of fetal distress. * [9] - Mentions aPL as a cause of pregnancy complications, including fetal distress.

Obsolete Fetal Disease Diagnostic Tests

While modern prenatal diagnostic tests have become more advanced and accurate, there are some older methods that were once used to diagnose fetal diseases. These tests may no longer be widely used or recommended due to their limitations and potential risks.

• Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling (PUBS): This test involved taking a blood sample from the umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities. However, it was associated with a higher risk of miscarriage and other complications [3].
• Amniocentesis: This test involved withdrawing a small amount of amniotic fluid to examine for genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. While still used today in certain situations, older methods of amniocentesis were more invasive and carried greater risks [4].

Replaced by More Advanced Tests

These obsolete tests have been largely replaced by newer, more accurate diagnostic methods that are less invasive and carry fewer risks.

• Non-invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT): This test analyzes cell-free fetal DNA in the mother's blood to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. NIPT is a more sensitive and specific test than older methods [5].
• Ultrasound Imaging: Advances in ultrasound technology have enabled healthcare providers to detect fetal anomalies and abnormalities with greater accuracy and precision.

Important Considerations

When it comes to prenatal diagnostic testing, it's essential to consult with a qualified healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for individual circumstances. They can help guide decisions based on factors such as family history, obstetrical history, and fetal imaging results [13].

References:

[3] Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS) is a diagnostic genetic test that examines blood from the fetal umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities. (Source: 3) [4] Amniocentesis involves withdrawing a small amount of amniotic fluid to examine for genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. (Source: 12) [5] Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) analyzes cell-free fetal DNA in the mother's blood to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. (Source: 5)

Treatment of Obsolete Fetal Diseases

The treatment of obsolete fetal diseases has evolved significantly over the years, with a focus on minimizing risks to both mother and fetus. According to [1], thalidomide was once used as a sedative or hypnotic drug but is now largely obsolete due to its severe birth defects in thousands of children.

Current Treatment Approaches

In contrast, current treatment approaches prioritize the use of safer medications that minimize fetal risks. For example, [4] notes that primarly thalidomide was prescribed for various conditions, but its use has declined significantly due to concerns over fetal safety.

Fetal Therapy and Pharmacological Treatments

Recent research has focused on fetal therapy and pharmacological treatments that enable minimally invasive strategies before birth. As noted in [15], fetal drug delivery is a burgeoning field that encompasses prenatal surgical and medical interventions for congenital diseases.

Specific Medications and Their Risks

Certain medications, such as isotretinoin (Accutane), have been linked to increased risks of birth defects if taken during pregnancy. According to [7], the most well-known retinoid is isotretinoin, which was used to treat severe acne but carries significant fetal risks.

Medications for Rare Conditions

Some medications are used to treat rare conditions that may affect pregnant women and their fetuses. For example, [8] discusses valacyclovir's use in preventing congenital cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy.

Pharmacological Treatment of NAS

In cases where pharmacological treatment is required, morphine and methadone are commonly used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) secondary to opioids. As noted in [10], these medications can help manage symptoms but require careful consideration due to potential fetal risks.

Balanced Viewpoint on Drug Teratogenicity

The discovery of thalidomide-induced embryopathies led to an overemphasis on the fetal dangers of maternal drug ingestion. However, as noted in [11], a more balanced viewpoint has emerged, acknowledging that a complex set of circumstances must prevail for a medication to cause teratogenic effects.

References:

[1] Lemmers, M. (2019). The main interventions examined were vaginal, sublingual, oral and buccal misoprostol, mifepristone and vaginal gemeprost. [4] Primarily, thalidomide is prescribed as sedative or hypnotic drug claimed to cure anxiety, insomnia, gastritis, and tension. It was used against nausea and to ... [7] Aug 7, 2023 — The most well-known retinoid is isotretinoin (commonly referred to as Accutane). [8] Valacyclovir's use in preventing congenital cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. [10] Morphine and methadone are commonly used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) secondary to opioids. [11] Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy, single gene disorders, and blood group through the analysis of circulating DNA in maternal blood samples is well established in clinical practice.

Differential Diagnosis of Fetal Diseases

The differential diagnosis of fetal diseases involves identifying and ruling out various conditions that may be causing a particular set of symptoms or abnormalities in the fetus.

• Fetal Anemia: This is a condition where the fetus has a low red blood cell count, which can lead to heart problems and other complications. Fetal anemia can be caused by various factors, including Rh incompatibility, maternal autoimmune disorders, and fetal infections.
  • [1] states that fetal anemia is a relatively common cause of fetal hydrops.
• Aneuploidy: This refers to the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in the fetus's cells. Aneuploidy can be