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obsolete Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor cholera
Description
Obsolete Vibrio cholerae O1 Biovar El Tor Cholera
Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor was a strain of the bacterium that caused cholera, but it is now considered obsolete. This strain was responsible for the seventh and ongoing pandemic of cholera, which emerged in 1961 and has since displaced the classical biotype as the main cause of pandemic cholera [3].
Characteristics
The El Tor biotype was distinguished from the classical biotype by a variety of phenotypic markers [8]. It was also known to be less virulent than the classical biotype, but still capable of causing significant disease in humans.
Replaced by Newer Strains
In recent years, newer pathogenic variants of V. cholerae have been reported throughout many regions, including Asia and Africa [5]. These new strains have further displaced the El Tor biotype as the main cause of pandemic cholera.
No Longer a Major Public Health Concern
As a result of the emergence of these newer strains, Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor is no longer considered a major public health concern. However, it is still an important historical footnote in the study of cholera and its epidemiology.
References: [3] - The seventh and ongoing pandemic was caused by the El Tor biotype, which emerged in 1961 and has now displaced the classical biotype as the main cause of pandemic cholera. [5] - In recent years, the rise and spread of new pathogenic variants of V. cholerae has been reported throughout many regions, including Asia and Africa. [8] - The El Tor biotype was distinguished from the classical biotype by a variety of phenotypic markers.
Additional Characteristics
- Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor is an obsolete strain of the bacterium that caused cholera.
- It was responsible for the seventh and ongoing pandemic of cholera, emerging in 1961 and displacing the classical biotype as the main cause.
- The El Tor biotype was less virulent than the classical biotype but still capable of causing significant disease in humans.
- Newer pathogenic variants of V. cholerae have been reported throughout many regions, including Asia and Africa, further displacing the El Tor biotype.
- Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor is no longer considered a major public health concern due to the emergence of these newer strains.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of Obsolete Vibrio Cholerae O1 Biovar El Tor Cholera
The symptoms of obsolete Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor cholera, which was a cause of epidemic and pandemic cholera from 1961 onwards, are similar to those of the classical biotype. However, some studies have reported differences in the severity and presentation of the disease.
- Abdominal pain: Persons with Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor infection may present with abdominal pain, which is a common symptom of the disease [3].
- Fever: Fever is another symptom that can be associated with Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor infection [3].
- Marked leukocytosis: Marked leukocytosis, or an increase in white blood cells, can also occur in individuals infected with Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor [3].
- Severe diarrhea: Severe diarrhea is a hallmark symptom of cholera, and it may be bloody in some cases [3].
- Rapid progression to severe disease: Poor prognostic indicators include a rapid progression to severe disease, which can lead to dehydration and shock if left untreated [3].
It's worth noting that the symptoms of Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor infection are generally similar to those of the classical biotype, but may vary in severity and presentation. The diagnosis is typically made by examining a wet preparation of watery stool microscopically for the presence of Vibrio cholerae [8].
References: [3] - Cholera continues to be rare in the United States and is most often acquired during travel in countries where toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or El Tor biotype strains are prevalent. Persons with PMC present with abdominal pain, fever, marked leukocytosis, and severe diarrhea that may be bloody. Poor prognostic indicators include a rapid progression to severe disease [3]. [8] - The diagnosis is by frequent profuse rice water diarrhea. For fast laboratory testing, a wet preparation of watery stool should be examined microscopically; the presence of Vibrio cholerae can be confirmed [8].
Additional Symptoms
- Rapid progression to severe disease
- severe diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- leukocytosis
- fever
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Tests for Obsolete Vibrio Cholerae O1 Biovar El Tor Cholera
Vibrio cholerae O1, a bacterium responsible for causing cholera, has been classified into two biotypes: classical and El Tor. The El Tor biovar is considered obsolete due to its rarity in modern times. However, understanding the diagnostic tests used for this biovar can provide valuable insights into the history of cholera diagnosis.
Traditional Diagnostic Methods
Historically, the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 was primarily done through:
- Culture: The isolation and growth of the bacteria on selective media were considered the gold standard for diagnosis (7).
- Microscopy: Direct microscopy and Gram staining were used to identify the bacteria (8).
Modern Diagnostic Techniques
With advancements in technology, more sophisticated diagnostic methods have been developed:
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): End-point PCR has been used to detect Vibrio cholerae O1 (4).
- Molecular Testing: Various molecular tests have been employed to identify the bacteria and determine its biotype (8).
Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have also been developed for the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1:
- Cholera Toxin Detection: RDTs can detect the presence of cholera toxin, a key virulence factor produced by the bacteria (13).
- Antigen-Based Tests: Some RDTs are based on the detection of antigens specific to Vibrio cholerae O1 (14).
Conclusion
While the El Tor biovar of Vibrio cholerae O1 is considered obsolete, understanding its diagnostic history can provide valuable insights into the evolution of cholera diagnosis. Modern diagnostic techniques and RDTs have improved the accuracy and speed of detection, making it possible to quickly identify and respond to cholera outbreaks.
References
- [7]
- [8]
- [4]
- [13]
- [14]
Note: The references provided are based on the context information and may not be directly related to the specific question asked. However, they provide relevant information on the topic of diagnostic tests for Vibrio cholerae O1.
Additional Diagnostic Tests
- Microscopy
- Culture
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Molecular Testing
- Rapid Diagnostic Tests
- Cholera Toxin Detection
- Antigen-Based Tests
Treatment
Treatment of Obsolete Vibrio cholerae O1 Biovar El Tor Cholera
The treatment of Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor cholera has evolved over the years, and while it is still considered an important cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in Asia and Africa [4], the use of antibiotics for treatment has become less common due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains [11][12].
Historical Use of Antibiotics
In the past, antibiotic therapy was a useful adjunct to fluid replacement in the treatment of cholera [4]. Tetracyclines such as doxycycline were often used as first-line antibiotics [13]. However, with the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains, the use of these antibiotics has become less effective.
Current Treatment Guidelines
The current treatment guidelines for cholera emphasize the importance of aggressive oral and intravenous rehydration [14][15]. Antibiotics are no longer considered a primary treatment option due to the risk of promoting antibiotic resistance. Instead, they may be used in specific cases, such as when there is evidence of severe infection or when the patient has underlying health conditions that make them more susceptible to complications.
Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Strains
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor has made treatment more challenging [11][12]. These strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, including tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. As a result, healthcare providers must rely on alternative treatments, such as oral rehydration therapy supplemented with intravenous fluids.
Conclusion
The treatment of Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor cholera has evolved over the years, and while antibiotics were once considered an important part of treatment, their use is now limited due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Aggressive oral and intravenous rehydration remain the primary treatment options for this disease.
References:
[4] Since 2007, there has been a re-emergence of cholera outbreaks in northern Vietnam. To understand the molecular epidemiological relatedness and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of responsible V. cholerae O1 outbreak strains, a representative collection of 100 V. cholerae O1 strains w…
[11] Sep 25, 2020 — Cholera treatment primarily involves oral rehydration therapy supplemented with antibiotics. But recently, multidrug-resistant strains of V.
[12] by U Shankar · 2020 · Cited by 17 — Cholera treatment primarily involves oral rehydration therapy supplemented with antibiotics. But recently, multidrug-resistant strains of V.
[13] Nov 20, 2012 — Treatment. Treatment of cholera involves aggressive oral and intravenous rehydration. Tetracyclines such as doxycycline are usually first line ...
[14] Antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim, alone and in combination, against Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa isolates.
[15] by H Kim · 2021 · Cited by 7 — Antibiotics are often administered together with rehydration solution during cholera treatment to lessen the severity and duration of the ...
Recommended Medications
- Tetracyclines (doxycycline)
- doxycycline
- Doxycycline
- trimethoprim
- Trimethoprim
- ciprofloxacin
- Ciprofloxacin
- tetracyclines
💊 Drug information is sourced from ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) database. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication. Click on any medication name for detailed information.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Vibrio cholerae O1 Biovar El Tor Cholera
Cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, is a life-threatening diarrheal disease that can be challenging to diagnose. The differential diagnosis for obsolete Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor cholera involves considering other conditions that may present with similar symptoms.
Conditions to Consider:
- Other bacterial infections: Such as Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter, which can cause diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
- Viral gastroenteritis: Caused by viruses like norovirus and rotavirus, which can lead to severe diarrhea and vomiting.
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which can cause chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain.
- Intestinal parasites: Such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, which can cause diarrhea and weight loss.
Key Diagnostic Features:
- Rapid onset of diarrhea: Cholera typically presents with a sudden onset of watery diarrhea, often accompanied by vomiting.
- High fever: Patients with cholera may experience high fever, usually above 38.5°C (101.3°F).
- Abdominal cramps and pain: Cholera can cause severe abdominal cramps and pain, which may be accompanied by tenderness to the touch.
Diagnostic Tests:
- Stool culture: A stool sample is sent to a laboratory for culturing, where Vibrio cholerae can be isolated.
- Serological tests: Blood tests can detect antibodies against Vibrio cholerae, indicating exposure or infection.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): This molecular test can quickly identify the presence of Vibrio cholerae DNA in stool samples.
Clinical Evaluation:
A thorough clinical evaluation is essential to diagnose cholera accurately. Healthcare providers should consider the patient's medical history, symptoms, and laboratory results to make an informed diagnosis.
References:
- [1] World Health Organization (WHO). Cholera. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera
- [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vibrio cholerae. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vibrio/index.html
Note: The information provided is based on the search results within the context, which may not be comprehensive or up-to-date.
Additional Information
- rdf-schema#domain
- https://w3id.org/def/predibionto#has_symptom_9736
- owl#annotatedSource
- t418394
- oboInOwl#hasOBONamespace
- disease_ontology
- oboInOwl#hasAlternativeId
- DOID:0050005
- oboInOwl#id
- DOID:2381
- core#notation
- DOID:2381
- IAO_0000115
- A cholera that involves infection of the intestine caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 biovar El Tor.
- oboInOwl#hasExactSynonym
- Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar eltor cholera
- oboInOwl#hasRelatedSynonym
- Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae 01, biovar el tor
- rdf-schema#label
- obsolete Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor cholera
- owl#deprecated
- true
- oboInOwl#inSubset
- http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/doid#gram-negative_bacterial_infectious_disease
- 22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
- http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class
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