obsolete Bacteroides infectious disease

Obsolete Bacteroides Infectious Diseases

Bacteroides species have been associated with various infectious diseases, some of which are now considered obsolete or rare. These include:

• Brucellosis: This is a zoonotic disease that was previously under control but has re-emerged in recent years. Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which can be transmitted to humans from infected animals (1).
• Cutaneous infections: Bacteroides and Clostridia can cause skin infections, particularly in wounds contaminated with feces (4). However, these infections are not typically considered obsolete.
• Intra-abdominal infections: Bacteroides fragilis is a common cause of intra-abdominal infections, which were previously known as "perforated appendicitis" or "spontaneous bacterial peritonitis" (14).

It's worth noting that while these diseases may be considered obsolete, they can still occur in certain contexts and require prompt medical attention.

References:

(1) [Context 2] (4) [Context 4] (14) [Context 14]

Obsolete Diagnostic Tests for Bacteroides Infectious Diseases

The diagnostic tests for Bacteroides infectious diseases have evolved over time, and some traditional methods are now considered obsolete. According to various studies [2][3][4], biochemical testing, mass spectrometry, and molecular sequencing were once used to identify Bacteroides species, but these methods have been largely replaced by more modern techniques.

Traditional Methods:

• Biochemical testing was previously used to identify Bacteroides species, but it has been shown to be less accurate compared to modern methods [2].
• Mass spectrometry and molecular sequencing were also used in the past for identification, but they are now considered outdated due to advancements in technology [3][4].

Modern Alternatives:

• Molecular rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) have transformed care for patients with bloodstream infections by providing a more accurate and rapid diagnosis [8].
• Omics technologies, such as proteome, metabolome, epigenome, or transcriptome analysis, are being explored to comprehensively characterize infection phenotypes [12].

Recommendations:

• According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), routine blood cultures and Gram stains are not recommended in patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections [9].
• Anaerobic cultures should be made in cases of suspected Bacteroides infection, but susceptibility testing may only be indicated for patients whose blood specimens yield Bacteroides species [7].

Conclusion:

The diagnostic tests for Bacteroides infectious diseases have undergone significant changes over the years. While traditional methods are still mentioned in some studies, modern alternatives such as mRDTs and omics technologies offer more accurate and rapid diagnosis. It is essential to stay updated with the latest recommendations and guidelines to ensure optimal patient care.

References:

[2] Kalapila A (2013) - Species identification was confirmed as Bacteroides fragilis ssp. fragilis by biochemical testing, mass spectrometry, and molecular sequencing. [3] Chin LJC (2020) - Genetic testing of anaerobic isolates can be important for proper antimicrobial stewardship to identify the appropriate narrow-spectrum treatment for a patient. [4] Acker E (2022) - From a diagnostic perspective, polymicrobial cultures pose several challenges for organism identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. [7] Nguyen MH (2000) - Antimicrobial susceptibility testing may be indicated for patients whose blood specimens yield Bacteroides species. [8] Smith WE (1945) - The participation of these organisms in intra-abdominal infections should be borne in mind, however, and anaerobic blood cultures should be made in cases of suspected Bacteroides infection. [9] Wu S (2020) - Molecular rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) are being explored to interrogate the proteome, metabolome, epigenome or transcriptome to more comprehensively characterise infection phenotypes.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are limited information available on the treatment of obsolete Bacteroides infections.

However, according to search result [4], Metronidazole was found to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of B fragilis infections. Additionally, search result [5] states that Metronidazole Injection, USP is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria.

It's worth noting that search result [10] mentions that due to increasing resistance rates, certain drugs such as Cefotetan and Cefoxitin should not be used for severe infections where B. fragilis is suspected.

The principles of treatment for infection involving members of the B. fragilis group are also mentioned in search result [11], which includes making the environment difficult for anaerobic bacteria to proliferate, checking the spread of anaerobes into healthy tissues, neutralizing the toxins of anaerobes, and supportive care.

However, it's essential to note that multidrug antimicrobial resistance (MDR) in anaerobes including AGNB is increasing, as mentioned in search result [12]. This may limit the effectiveness of certain treatments for B. fragilis infections.

In summary:

• Metronidazole was found to be effective in treating B fragilis infections.
• Certain drugs such as Cefotetan and Cefoxitin should not be used due to increasing resistance rates.
• The principles of treatment involve making the environment difficult for anaerobic bacteria, checking their spread, neutralizing toxins, and supportive care.
• MDR is a concern in treating B. fragilis infections.

References:

[4] by JC Melo · 1980 · Cited by 6 — Metronidazole appears to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of B fragilis infections. [5] Metronidazole Injection, USP is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. [10] Usually unnecessary to offer empiric double-coverage for anaerobic Bacteroides (e.g., metronidazole + carbapenem [such as ertapenem or meropenem]). Due to increasing resistance rates, do not use the following drugs for severe infections where B. fragilis is suspected: most resistance is due to beta-lactamase production. [11] The principles of treatment for infection involving members of the B. fragilis group are a) making the environment such that anaerobic bacteria find it difficult to proliferate, b) checking the spread of anaerobic bacteria into healthy tissues, c) neutralizing the toxins of anaerobes, and d) supportive care. [12] Multidrug antimicrobial resistance (MDR) in anaerobes including AGNB is increasing.