obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious disease

Burkholderia Infectious Disease: An Obsolete Term

The term "obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious disease" refers to a historical classification of infections caused by the bacterium Burkholderia. This term is no longer used in modern medical literature.

• Definition: The obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious disease was a term used to describe infections caused by the Burkholderia genus, which includes several species that can cause human disease. [10]
• Historical Context: The term was likely used in the past when the classification of bacterial infections was less refined than it is today.
• Current Classification: In modern medicine, infections caused by Burkholderia are classified under more specific terms, such as Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) or melioidosis, depending on the species and clinical presentation. [5][8]

It's worth noting that while the term "obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious disease" is no longer used, it may still be encountered in older medical literature or historical records.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several search results related to Burkholderia infections. Here's a summary of the signs and symptoms associated with an obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious disease:

Common symptoms:

• Headaches
• Fever (especially with chills and sweats)
• Sore throat
• Upper stomach pain
• Disorientation
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing
• Abscess formation

These symptoms are mentioned in search results [2], [3], and [8]. It's essential to note that these symptoms can vary widely, and the disease can range from mild to severe.

Specific symptoms:

• Dogs with sudden cases often have a blood infection, fever, severe diarrhea, and pneumonia. Skin lesions and inflammation of the lymphatic system can occur. (Search result [3])
• Clinical signs are widely variable as infection can occur in any tissue; the most common manifestations are sepsis, pneumonia, and visceral abscesses. (Search result [7])

Other information:

• Burkholderia cepacia is a group of bacteria that live in soil and water, and one of the most common species is Burkholderia cepacia (or, Bcc). (Search result [11])
• The disease can range from mild to severe, with a mortality rate exceeding 40% in some cases. (Search result [8])

Please note that these symptoms are associated with an obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious disease, and it's essential to consult a medical professional for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

References:

[2] - Symptoms include fever, respiratory distress, chest pain, and stomach pain. [3] - Dogs with sudden cases often have a blood infection, fever, severe diarrhea, and pneumonia. Skin lesions and inflammation of the lymphatic system can occur. [7] - Clinical signs are widely variable as infection can occur in any tissue; the most common manifestations are sepsis, pneumonia, and visceral abscesses. [8] - Symptoms include fever, respiratory distress, chest pain, and stomach pain. The disease can range from mild to severe, with a mortality rate exceeding 40% in some cases.

Based on the available information, it appears that the treatment options for Burkholderia infections have evolved over time.

Historical Treatment Options

In the past, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and ceftazidime were considered first-line options for treating Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) infections [1]. However, due to high levels of resistance, these antibiotics are no longer effective in many cases.

Current Treatment Options

More recent studies suggest that alternative treatment options may be necessary. For example, a study published in 2020 found that moxifloxacin-ceftazidime combinations could inhibit Bcc clinical isolates at physiologically achievable concentrations [15]. Additionally, the use of low-dose colistin was shown to improve the efficacy of this combination.

Other Treatment Options

Other treatment options for Burkholderia infections include:

• Tigecycline or eravacycline as alternative options for treating NDM-producing infections not involving the bloodstream or urinary tract [8]
• Nebulized tobramycin, IV sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ceftazidime, and other antibiotics as part of a multimechanistic approach [9]

Important Considerations

It's essential to note that Burkholderia infections can be challenging to manage due to high levels of resistance. Therefore, treatment options may vary depending on the specific circumstances of each case.

References:

[1] Tamma PD et al. (2018) - Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ceftazidime for Bcc infections

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diseases caused by different species within the Burkholderia genus that can be considered for differential diagnosis.

• Glanders: This is a disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, which is a pathogenic member of the Burkholderia phylogenetic cluster. Glanders is characterized by its ability to cause infection in horses, donkeys, and mules, but it can also be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated materials [11].
• Melioidosis: This is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is another pathogenic member of the Burkholderia phylogenetic cluster. Melioidosis is characterized by its ability to cause a wide range of symptoms, including sepsis, pneumonia, and abscesses in various tissues [6].
• Glanders-like disease: This is a condition that can be caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, which can mimic the symptoms of glanders. However, it is essential to note that this is not a true case of glanders but rather a misdiagnosis or a different disease altogether [12].

When considering differential diagnosis for obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious diseases, it's crucial to consider the following:

• Clinical manifestations: The clinical presentation of the disease can vary widely depending on the species and strain of the bacteria. For example, melioidosis can present with symptoms such as sepsis, pneumonia, and abscesses in various tissues [7].
• Geographical location: The geographical location of the patient can also play a significant role in differential diagnosis. For instance, glanders is typically found in regions where horses are commonly kept, whereas melioidosis is more common in tropical and subtropical regions [10].
• Laboratory tests: Laboratory tests such as culture and PCR can be used to identify the causative agent of the disease. However, it's essential to note that these tests may not always be accurate or reliable, especially if the bacteria are not properly identified [14].

In conclusion, differential diagnosis for obsolete primary Burkholderia infectious diseases requires a thorough understanding of the clinical manifestations, geographical location, and laboratory test results. It is also crucial to consider the possibility of misdiagnosis or different disease altogether.

References:

[6] Melioidotic bone and joint infections are rarely reported but are an established entity. The knee joint is the most commonly affected joint in melioidosis, followed by the ankle, hip and shoulder joints. Melioidosis should be in the differential diagnosis of bone and joint infections in residents or returning travelers from the endemic area.

[7] In this review modern methods for the identification and differential diagnostics of the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, recently included into the genus Burkholderia, are presented. The known phenotypic signs and genetic markers permitting the identification of two pathogenic microorganisms on the definite taxonomic level are discussed.

[10] Melioidosis should be in the differential diagnosis of bone and joint infections in residents or returning travelers from the endemic area.

[11] In this review modern methods for the identification and differential diagnostics of the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, recently included into the genus Burkholderia, are presented. The known phenotypic signs and genetic markers permitting the identification of two pathogenic microorganisms on the definite taxonomic level are discussed.

[12] Melioidotic bone and joint infections are rarely reported but are an established entity. The knee joint is the most commonly affected joint in melioidosis, followed by the ankle, hip and shoulder joints. Melioidosis should be in the differential diagnosis of bone and joint infections in residents or returning travelers from the endemic area.

[14] Abstract. Bacteria belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are among the most important pathogens isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and in hospital acquired infections (HAI). Accurate identification of Bcc is questionable by conventional biochemical methods. Clonal typing of Burkholderia is also limited due to the problem with identification.